Ikhaya > Ulwazi - Sanxin > Ngaba iMelamine Plywood yokuSika ngokweSiko iKhawulezisa ukuFakelo?

Ngaba iMelamine Plywood yokuSika ngokweSiko iKhawulezisa ukuFakelo?

2025-05-27

Kwishishini lanamhlanje elikhawulezayo lokwakha kunye nokulungiswa, ukusebenza kakuhle kubaluleke kakhulu. Omnye weyona miceli mngeni ibalulekileyo abajongene nayo abakontraki kunye nabathanda i-DIY kukwandisa ixesha lofakelo ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni umgangatho okanye ubuhle. Apha kulapho kusikwe khona ngokwesiko i-melamine plywood ingena emfanekisweni, inika indlela yoguqulo yokulungelelanisa iinkqubo zofakelo. Ngokusebenzisa iiphaneli ze-melamine plywood ezisikiwe kwangaphambili, ezilinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo, iingcali zinokunciphisa kakhulu ukusika, ukufaneleka, kunye nokulungelelanisa ixesha, ekugqibeleni kukhawuleziswe ukugqitywa kweprojekthi ngelixa kugcinwa iziphumo eziphezulu.

Izinto eziluncedo zokuSika iMelamine yePlywood ngokweSiko

Ukupheliswa kweeMfuno zokusika kwiSiza

Indlela eqhelekileyo yokufakela ibandakanya ukuthenga ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo be-melamine plywood sheets kunye nokusika kwimilinganiselo ethile kwisiza. Le nkqubo idla ixesha elixabisekileyo kunye nezixhobo, ngakumbi xa ujongana noyilo oluntsonkothileyo okanye iiprojekthi ezinkulu. Xa usebenzisa i-melamine plywood, nangona kunjalo, iiphaneli zifika kwindawo yomsebenzi sele isikiwe ngokweenkcukacha ezifunekayo. Oku kuphelisa imfuneko yokulinganisa ixesha elide, ukuphawula, nokusika iinkqubo ezidla ngokukhokelela kwiimpazamo nakwinkcitho yezinto eziphathekayo. Abaqulunqi abanobuchule basebenzisa izixhobo zokusika ezichanekileyo ezifikelela ukuchaneka ukuya kumaqhezu e-millimeter, beqinisekisa ukuba iqhekeza ngalinye lingena ngokugqibeleleyo kwindawo yalo emiselweyo. Isiphumo kukuncitshiswa okubonakalayo kwexesha lokufakela, njengoko abasebenzi banokuqhubeka ngokukhawuleza nokuhlanganisana kunokuchitha iiyure belungiselela izinto. Ukongezelela, i-melamine plywood eyenziwe ngokwezifiso inciphisa umngcipheko weempazamo zokulinganisa, ezihlala zifuna ukulungiswa kweendleko kunye nexesha, ukunyusa ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokufakela.

Ubunjineli obuchanekileyo bokuFityiswa ngokugqibeleleyo

Enye yezona zinto zingumngeni wofakelo kukufezekisa amajoyina angenamthungo kunye nolungelelwaniso olugqibeleleyo, ngakumbi kwikhabhinethi yesiko, ifenitshala, kunye nezakhiwo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi. Isiko-isike i-melamine plywood ijongana nalo mngeni ngobuchule bobunjineli obuchanekileyo obuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yolawulo nganye ingena ngokugqibeleleyo neziqwenga ezimeleneyo. Amaziko okuvelisa anamhlanje asebenzisa izixhobo zokusika ezilawulwa yikhompyuter ezigcina imilinganiselo engaguqukiyo kuwo onke amacandelo, zisusa iiyantlukwano ezihlala zisenzeka ngeendlela zokusika ngesandla. Eli nqanaba lokuchaneka linciphisa imfuno yohlengahlengiso kwisiza, ukugalela, okanye ukucheba ukwenza amacandelo adibane ngokufanelekileyo. Xa usebenza nge-melamine plywood eye yasikwa ngokuchanekileyo kwiinkcukacha, abafakeli banokuhlanganisa izinto ngokukhawuleza kwaye bafezekise iziphumo zobungcali ngaphandle kohlengahlengiso olubanzi. Ukupheliswa kwala manyathelo ohlengahlengiso kunokonga iiyure okanye kwaneentsuku kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu, kuvumela iikontraka ukuba zigqibezele ufakelo ngobuchule ngakumbi kwaye zidlulele kumsebenzi wazo olandelayo kwakamsinya. Ngaphaya koko, ubunjineli obuchanekileyo beepaneli zokusikwa ngokwesiko buqinisekisa ukuba imveliso egqityiweyo igcina inkangeleko ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye nentembeko yesakhiwo elindelwe ngabathengi.

ULawulo lokuHamba kokuSebenza oluLungileyo

Ulawulo lweprojekthi luba lula ngakumbi xa usebenza ne-melamine plywood yesiko. Iinkqubo zokufakela eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya izigaba ezininzi: ukuhanjiswa kwezinto, ukusika kunye nokulungiswa, ukudibanisa kunye nokugqiba. Inqanaba ngalinye libonisa imiqobo enokuthi ilibazise ukugqitywa kweprojekthi. I-plywood ye-melamine ye-custom-custom isusa ngokufanelekileyo esinye sezona zigaba zichitha ixesha-inqanaba lokusika kunye nokulungiselela-ukuvumela ukuhamba komsebenzi ngokufanelekileyo. Ngamapaneli angaphambili, iqela lokufakela lingagxininisa ngokukodwa kwindibano, ukunciphisa kakhulu umgca wexesha leprojekthi. Le ndlela ilungelelanisiweyo ikwanciphisa isixa sezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo kwisiza, njengoko izixhobo zokusika ezinzima kakhulu zisiba yimfuneko. Iimfuno zezixhobo ezincitshisiweyo azigcini nje ngokugcina indawo kwiindawo ezixakekileyo zemisebenzi kodwa zikwasusa ukusetwa kunye nexesha lokwahlulwa kwezikhululo zokusika. Ukongeza, ukuhamba komsebenzi kuba nokuqikelelwa ngakumbi, kuvumela abaphathi beprojekthi ukuba benze amaxesha achanekileyo kwaye babele izibonelelo ngokufanelekileyo. Koonokontraka abaphatha iiprojekthi ezininzi ngaxeshanye, oku kuphuculwa kobuchule kunokuguqulela kumthamo owandisiweyo kunye namandla aphezulu engeniso ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni umgangatho okanye ukwaneliseka kwabaxumi.

Iindleko zokuSebenza kweZisombululo eziSikiwe kwangaphambili

Uhlalutyo lokuNcitshiswa kweendleko zomsebenzi

Iimpembelelo zezimali zokusebenzisa i-melamine plywood ye-custom-cut yandisa ngaphaya kwexabiso lezinto eziphathekayo. Xa kusenziwa ucazululo olubanzi lweendleko, iindleko zabasebenzi zihlala zenza inxalenye ebalulekileyo yayo nayiphi na iprojekthi yofakelo. Ngokubandakanya i-melamine plywood yesiko kwisiko lokuhamba komsebenzi wakho, unokufezekisa ugcino olukhulu ngokuncipha kweeyure zomsebenzi. Uphononongo lwemizi-mveliso lucebisa ukuba izinto ezisikwe kwangaphambili zinokucutha ixesha lofakelo ngama-30-50% xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli, ukuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwiindleko eziphantsi zabasebenzi. Abafakeli abaziingcali banokugqiba iiprojekthi ezininzi ngexesha elincinci, baphucule imveliso yabo kunye nenzuzo. Ukongeza, izakhono ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo ekusikeni okuchanekileyo zinikezelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwiziko lokuvelisa, ukuvumela iikontraka ukuba zisebenzise abasebenzi babo ngokufanelekileyo. I-Melamine plywood efika ilungele ukudityaniswa inciphisa imfuno yabasiki abanezakhono eziphezulu kwisiza, okunokuthi kuvumeleke ukwakhiwa kwabasebenzi ababhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuncitshiswa kweeyure zomsebenzi kunciphisa iindleko zexesha elongezelelekileyo ezihlala ziqokelelana ngexesha leeprojekthi ezinexesha elisikiweyo. Kwiinkampani zokwakha kunye neekontraka ezisebenza kwiimarike ezikhuphisanayo, oku kongiwa kwabasebenzi kunokubonelela ngenzuzo ebalulekileyo xa kuthengiwa iiprojekthi, kubavumela ukuba babonelele ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo ngelixa begcina imida yengeniso esempilweni.

UkuNcitshiswa kweNkunkuma kunye nokuPhuculwa kwezinto

Iindlela zemveli zokusika ngokuqinisekileyo zivelisa inkunkuma eninzi, kunye nokusikwa kunye neimvuthuluka ezingasebenzisekiyo ezimele iindleko ezibalulekileyo ngokwezinto zombini kunye nokulahlwa. Isiko-isike i-melamine plywood iyayinciphisa kakhulu le nkunkuma ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuzalela kunye neendlela zokusika ezisetyenziswa kumaziko okuvelisa. Abaqulunqi abanobuchule basebenzisa isoftware entsonkothileyo ukulungiselela iipateni zokusika ezandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo, ukufikelela kumanqanaba okusebenza nzima ukuphindaphinda ngokusika kwisiza. Oku kulungiswa kuthetha ukuba uhlawulela kuphela imathiriyeli oyisebenzisayo kwiprojekthi yakho, ukuphelisa eyona nkunkuma iqhelekileyo ye-10-15% ehlala yakhelwa kuqikelelo lweprojekthi yemveli. Ngaphaya koko, ukucuthwa kwezinto ezilahlwayo kunegalelo kwiindlela zokwakha ezizinzileyo, uqwalaselo oluya lubalulekile kubathengi abakhathalela indalo esingqongileyo kunye neeprojekthi ezifuna iziqinisekiso eziluhlaza. Nge-melamine plywood isikwe ngokuchanekileyo kwiinkcukacha, indawo engqongileyo yeprojekthi nganye iyancipha kakhulu. Ukongeza, ukulungiswa kwemathiriyeli ngokufanelekileyo kudlulela ngaphaya kokonga imali ekhawulezileyo ukubandakanya iindleko ezincitshisiweyo zokulahla kunye neemfuno zokucoca indawo. Iindawo zokwakha zihlala zicocekile kwaye zilungelelaniswe ngakumbi ngaphandle kokuqokelelwa kobutyobo, ukudala indawo ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza kunye nokunciphisa iinkxalabo zetyala. Ezi zibonelelo zidibeneyo zenza ukuba i-melamine plywood isikwe ngokwesiko ibe lukhetho oluphezulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo kwiiprojekthi zofakelo lwangoku.

IiNzuzo zoMgangatho wexesha elide kunye noKuhlala ixesha elide

Nangona ukufakwa ngokukhawuleza kokufakela kuyinzuzo enyanzelisayo, inzuzo yezoqoqosho yexesha elide ye-melamine plywood yesiko ifanelwe ukuqwalaselwa ngokulinganayo. Ukwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kuqinisekisa umgangatho ongaguqukiyo kuwo onke amacandelo, okukhokelela kufakelo olugqityiweyo olunobume obuphezulu kunye nobomi obude. Indawo elawulwa yifektri apho ukusika kwenzeka khona igcina iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokusebenza kunye ne-melamine plywood, ukuthintela imiba efana nokuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, okanye imiphetho erhabaxa ehlala isenzeka ngokusika kwisiza. Olu phuculo lomgangatho luguqulela kwii-callback ezimbalwa, amabango ewaranti, kunye neendleko zokulungisa ubomi beprojekthi. I-melamine plywood esikwe ngobuchwephesha yenza ukuba amalungu aqine kwaye adibane ngokuthe ngqo ngakumbi, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwesakhiwo okanye ukuwohloka kwezithambiso ezinokuthi zifune ukulungiswa okunexabiso elikhulu kwixesha elizayo. Izibonelelo zokuqina zinwenwela kumphezulu we-melamine ngokwawo, njengoko imiphetho yokusikwa kwefektri inokugqityezelwa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi kunezo zisikwe kwindawo, zibonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono ekungeneni kokufuma okunokuthi ngenye indlela kubangele ukudumba okanye ukubola. Ukongeza, unyango lwemiphetho yobuchwephesha olukhoyo kunye neepaneli ezisikwe ngokwesiko zinokuphucula imbonakalo kunye nobomi obude bofakelo, okongeza ixabiso kumsebenzisi wokugqibela. Kwiikontraka kunye neengcali zofakelo, olu phuculo lomgangatho lunegalelo kudumo olunamandla kunye nokwaneliseka kwabathengi, okunokukhokelela ekuthunyelweni okungaphezulu kunye nokuphinda ishishini-inzuzo yezoqoqosho ehlala ingahoywa edibanisa ngokuhamba kwexesha.

IziCwangciso zokuPhumeza zoKusebenza ngokuPheleleyo

IiProthokholi zoCwangciso lwaPhambili kunye neMilinganiselo

Ukufezekisa amandla okugcina ixesha elipheleleyo le-melamine plywood esikwe ngokwesiko kufuna ukucwangciswa kwangaphambili kunye neeprothokholi ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa. Isigaba sokuqala sokucwangcisa siba sibaluleke kakhulu, njengoko imilinganiselo engachanekanga inokuchasa izibonelelo zokusebenza kakuhle kwezinto ezisikiwe kwangaphambili. Abafakeli abaziingcali kufuneka baphuhlise iindlela ezicwangcisiweyo zokulinganisa intsimi, ezibandakanya iindlela zokuqinisekisa ezingafunekiyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka. Oku kunokubandakanya izixhobo zomlinganiselo wedijithali, iithempleyithi zeemilo ezintsonkothileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezicokisekileyo zamaxwebhu. Xa uodola i-melamine plywood yesiko, ukubonelela ngeenkcukacha ezibanzi kuyafuneka, kubandakanywa kungekuphela nje imilinganiselo kodwa kunye nonyango olusemaphethelweni, iimfuno zokomba umngxuma, kunye naluphi na uqwalaselo olulodwa lofakelo lwehardware. Amagcisa anamava ahlala ephuhlisa uluhlu lokutshekisha oluneenkcukacha ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho milinganiselo ibalulekileyo okanye iinkcukacha ezingahoywayo ngexesha lesigaba socwangciso. Itekhnoloji yanamhlanje ibonelela ngezixhobo ezixabisekileyo kule nkqubo, kubandakanywa izixhobo zokulinganisa i-laser kunye nesoftware yedijithali enokuguqulela imilinganiselo yentsimi kwimiyalelo yokusika echanekileyo. Ukongezelela, ukwakha ukunyamezelana okuncinci kokulungiswa kwendawo-ngokuqhelekileyo i-1-2mm-inokuthi ithathe iinguqu ezincinci kundonga othe tye okanye ezinye izinto zesakhiwo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukufaneleka. Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye nomthengisi we-melamine plywood malunga neemfuno zakho zeprojekthi ethile iqinisekisa ukuba iziqwenga ezisikiweyo ziya kudityaniswa ngaphandle komthungo kuhambo lwakho lokufakela. Ngelixa olu cwangciso lwangaphambili lufuna utyalo-mali lwexesha lokuqala, luvelisa iinzuzo ezisebenzayo ngexesha lokwenyani lofakelo, nto leyo isenza urhwebo olunexabiso kwiingcali ezifuna ukwandisa iinkqubo zabo.

ULungiselelo kunye noLungiselelo loFakelo

Nokuba usikwe ngokugqibeleleyo i-melamine plywood amacandelo, ukufezekisa impumelelo enkulu yofakelo kufuna ingqwalasela engqongqo kulungiselelo kunye nolandelelwano olufanelekileyo lwamanyathelo endibano. Ixesha lokuhanjiswa kweepaneli ezisikiweyo kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ukuze zihambelane neshedyuli yeprojekthi yakho, ukuthintela nokuba yimingeni yokugcina okanye ukulibaziseka kofakelo. Emva kokunikezelwa, ukuphumeza uluhlu olucwangcisiweyo kunye nenkqubo yentlangano yamacandelo angaphambi kokusikwa kuqinisekisa ukuba abafakeli banokukhawuleza bafake iqhekeza ngalinye xa kuyimfuneko. Amaqela amaninzi eengcali aphuhlisa iikhowudi zombala okanye iisistim zamanani ezihambelana nezicwangciso zabo zofakelo, ngakumbi ukulungelelanisa inkqubo yokuhlanganisa. Ulandelelwano lwangempela lokufakela kufuneka lucwangciswe ngendlela yokunciphisa intshukumo yeepaneli ezinzima kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko womonakalo kumacandelo agqityiweyo. Ukumiselwa kobuchule kweziqwenga ze-melamine plywood kwiindawo zazo eziqikelelwayo zokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba kuqale indibano kunokunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokuphatha kunye noxinzelelo lomzimba kwiqela lofakelo. Ukongeza, ukulungiselela zonke ii-hardware eziyimfuneko kunye ne-adhesives kwangaphambili kuqinisekisa ukuba indibano inokuqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka xa sele iqalile. Kufakelo oluntsonkothileyo, ukwenza imiyalelo yendibano eneenkcukacha enezalathisi ezibonakalayo kunokunceda amaqela ofakelo agcine ukusebenza kakuhle naxa esebenza ngolungelelwaniso lwesiko angakhange adibane nalo ngaphambili. Ukukhethwa kwesixhobo esifanelekileyo kwakhona kuchaphazela isantya sokufakela-ukuba neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuqinisa, izixhobo zokulungelelanisa, kunye nezixhobo zokudibanisa ezifumaneka ngokukhawuleza zithintela ukuphazamiseka komsebenzi. Ngokujongana nale ngqwalasela yolungiselelo, iikontraka zinokwandisa izibonelelo zokonga ixesha ezibonelelwa nge-melamine plywood yesiko, ukugqiba ufakelo ngobuchule obungazange bubonwe ngaphambili ngelixa begcina imigangatho yobulunga obukhethekileyo.

Uqeqesho kunye noLungelelaniso lwamaQela oFakelo

Utshintsho lokusebenza kunye ne-melamine plywood yesiko-isiko imele utshintsho olubalulekileyo ekuhambeni komsebenzi kumaqela amaninzi ofakelo aqhelene neendlela zemveli. Utyalo-mali kuqeqesho olululo kunye nezicwangciso zokuziqhelanisa kuqinisekisa ukuba iqela lakho linokuxhamla ngokupheleleyo kwiinzuzo zokusebenza kakuhle ezinikezelwa yile ndlela. Iingcali zokufakela kufuneka ziqonde iiyantlukwano eziphambili phakathi kokusebenza ngemathiriyeli eqhelekileyo kunye namacandelo okusikwa ngokwesiko, ngakumbi imfuno encitshisiweyo yohlengahlengiso lwendawo kunye nokubaluleka okwandisiweyo kokuphathwa ngononophelo ukuthintela umonakalo kwimida egqityiweyo. Ukuphuhlisa iiprothokholi ezithile zokukhupha, ukuhambisa, kunye nokudibanisa i-melamine plywood yangaphambili inceda ukuthintela iimpazamo ezibiza kakhulu kwaye iqinisekisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo kumalungu eqela ahlukeneyo. Amalungu eqela loqeqesho olunqamlezileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo yendibano kudala ukuguquguquka kwisabelo sabasebenzi kunye nokuthintela imiqobo ukuba abasebenzi abaphambili bangabikho. Uvandlakanyo oluthe rhoqo lweenkqubo zofakelo luchonga amathuba okucokiswa ngakumbi kunye nokuphuculwa kobuchule njengoko amaqela esiba namava angakumbi ngezinto ezisikwa ngokwesiko. Ukongezelela, ukuseka iindawo zokuhlola umgangatho ocacileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuhlanganisana kunceda ukugcina izibonelelo ezichanekileyo ezibonelelwa nge-melamine plywood yesiko. Iikontraki ezininzi eziphumeleleyo ziphumeza iinkqubo zomcebisi apho abafakeli abanamava bakhokela amalungu eqela amatsha ngokusebenzisa ama-nuances okusebenza kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngaphambili. Utyalo-mali kuqeqesho olululo luvelisa imbuyekezo eyandisiweyo njengoko amaqela esiba nolwazi ngakumbi, ehlisa ngakumbi amaxesha ofakelo kunye nokwandiswa kweziphumo zeprojekthi zizonke. Ngaphaya koko, amaqela ofakelo azingcayo ezi zixhobo ziphucukileyo zihlala ziphuhlisa ukuzingca ngobuchwephesha kwizakhono zabo eziphuculweyo, zinegalelo kulwaneliseko oluphezulu lomsebenzi kunye namazinga asezantsi engeniso-nto leyo ebalulekileyo kukhuphiswano lwemarike yabasebenzi namhlanje.

isiphelo

Isiko-isike i-melamine plywood ngokungathandabuzekiyo ikhawulezisa iinkqubo zofakelo, ibonelela ngokonga ixesha elibalulekileyo, ukunciphisa inkunkuma, kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho. Ngokuphelisa ukusika kwindawo, ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kokuchaneka, kunye nokulungelelanisa ukuhamba komsebenzi, le ndlela iguqula iindlela zokufakela eziqhelekileyo zibe yimisebenzi esebenza kakuhle kakhulu enceda iikontraki kunye nabathengi ngokufanayo.

Ngaba ukulungele ukwenza uhlengahlengiso ekusebenzeni kwakho kofakelo ngeplywood ye-melamine yesiko leprimiyamu? ELinyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd., iminyaka yethu eyi-15+ yobugcisa bokuvelisa iqinisekisa umgangatho obalaseleyo, ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso, kunye namaxabiso okhuphiswano. Sinikezela ngenkxaso ye-OEM, ulawulo olungqongqo lwekhwalithi, kunye nenkonzo ebanzi emva kokuthengisa ukuqinisekisa ulwaneliseko lwakho olupheleleyo. Qhagamshelana nathi namhlanje ku howie@longtermwood.com ukuxoxa ngeemfuno zakho ezithile kwaye ufumanise ukuba izisombululo zethu zesiko zinokuyiguqula njani iprojekthi yakho elandelayo!

Ucaphulo

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2. Zhang, L. & Williams, P. (2024). "I-Time-Motion Analysis of Pre-Cut Melamine Plywood kwi-Cabinetry Installation." Ijenali yeHlabathi yeTekhnoloji yeWoodworking, i-18 (2), i-87-96.

3. Umbutho wabachweli kuMntla Melika. (2023). "Ubuchule bokuSebenza kuLwakhiwo lwangoku: Ingxelo yoNyaka yoShishino." CANA Publications, Chicago.

4. URoberts, ST (2024). "Uhlalutyo lweendleko zeMpahla yokuSika ngokweSiko kuLwakhiwo lwezoRhwebo." Ukwakha uQoqosho ngekota, 31(1), 22-36.

5. IBhunga leeMveliso zeMithi yaseYurophu. (2023). "Ukuzinza ngokuSebenzisa izinto ezibonakalayo: Ubuchwephesha bokusika ngokweSiko kunye neMpembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo." EBrussels: EWPC Press.

6. UMartinez, A. & Thompson, J. (2024). "IziCwangciso zokuNcitshiswa kwexesha lokuFakela kwiiKontraka zobuGcisa." Uphononongo loLawulo loKwakha, i-19 (4), i-203-217.

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Inqaku elidlulileyo: Ngaba iMelamine Plywood iyahambelana neHardware yanamhlanje?

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