Ngaba i-E0 Melamine Plywood ingawuphucula uMgangatho woMoya waNgaphakathi?

Umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi yinkxalabo ebalulekileyo yeendawo zokuhlala zanamhlanje, ezichaphazela impilo yethu, intuthuzelo kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Njengoko sichitha malunga ne-90% yexesha lethu ngaphakathi, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwifanitshala yethu kunye nokwakhiwa kwangaphakathi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni umoya esiwuphefumlayo. Eli nqaku liphonononga indlela E0 I-Melamine Plywood, imathiriyeli yokwakha yeprimiyamu, inokuphucula kakhulu umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi ngelixa inikezela ngobuhle obunomtsalane kunye nokuqina.E0 I-Melamine Plywood inokuphucula kakhulu umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi ngokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso zomthi eziqhelekileyo. Lo mthi we-eco-friendly ubunjineli ubonisa umxholo ophantsi kakhulu we-volatile organic compound (VOC), ubambelela kuhlelo olungqongqo lwe-E0 olunokukhutshwa okungaphantsi kwe-0.5mg/L. I-melamine surface layer isebenza ngakumbi njengesithintelo esikhuselayo, ukutywinwa kuyo nayiphi na into ephumayo kunye nokudala indawo yokuhlala enempilo. Kwabo baxhalabele ungcoliseko lwangaphakathi, iMelamine Plywood enesatifikethi se-E0 imele ukhetho olubalaseleyo lwefenitshala, ikhabhinethi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwangaphakathi.

Ukuqonda uHlelo lwe-E0 kunye nempembelelo yalo kuMgangatho woMoya

ISayensi eNgemva kokuKhutshwa kweFormaldehyde kwiiMveliso zokhuni

I-formaldehyde yigesi engenambala enevumba elinamandla elidla ngokufumaneka kwizinto zokuncamathelisa ezisetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezenziwe ngamaplanga. I-plywood yemveli kunye ne-particleboard inokukhulula izixa ezibalulekileyo ze-volatile organic compound (VOC) kwindawo yangaphakathi ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-off-gassing. Iinkxalabo zempilo ezinxulumene nokuvezwa kwe-formaldehyde ukusuka kwiliso, impumlo, kunye nokucaphuka komqala ukuya kwimiba enzulu yokuphefumla kwaye, kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo zokuvezwa kwexesha elide, ukonyuka komngcipheko womhlaza. I-Melamine Plywood, ingakumbi enesatifikethi se-E0, ilungisa ezi nkxalabo ngobuchule bokuvelisa obukumgangatho ophezulu. Inkqubo yokuvelisa isebenzisa ii-adhesives ezenziwe ngokukodwa eziqulethe umxholo omncinci we-formaldehyde, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanga zilawulwa ngononophelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubophelela okukhulu kwayo nayiphi na i-compounds enokuba yingozi. Ukongeza, umaleko womphezulu we-melamine wenza umqobo osebenzayo othintela ngakumbi ukukhutshwa kwayo nayiphi na i-VOCs eshiyekileyo kwizinto eziphambili, iyenza ibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kubathengi abakhathalela impilo kunye nezicelo zorhwebo apho umgangatho womoya ubaluleke kakhulu.

Njani iMigangatho ye-E0 ithelekiswa nolunye uHlelo lokuPhuma

Ukuhlelwa kwe-E0 kubonisa umgangatho wegolide kulawulo lokukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde, olungqongqo kakhulu kuneminye imigangatho eqhelekileyo efana ne-E1 kunye ne-E2. Ngelixa udidi lwe-E1 luvumela ukukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde ukuya kwi-1.5mg / L, isatifikethi se-E0 sifuna amanqanaba angaphantsi kwe-0.5mg / L-ukunciphisa kathathu kwizinto ezinokuthi zingcolise umoya wangaphakathi. Lo mahluko uba ngobaluleke ngakumbi kwiindawo ezivaliweyo apho kungekho moya omncinci. Abanye abavelisi ngoku balandela imigangatho ye-super-E0 okanye i-F**** (yeenkwenkwezi ezine), ukutyhalela ukukhutshwa okungaphantsi kwe-0.3mg/L. I-Melamine Plywood enesatifikethi se-E0 ivavanywa ngokuqatha kuyo yonke imveliso, kubandakanywa novavanyo olwandisiweyo lwegumbi apho iisampuli zibekwe kwindawo elawulwayo ukulinganisa amazinga okukhutshwa kwexesha. Olu vavanyo luqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa okuhambelana nemigangatho engqongqo yokukhutshwa, ukubonelela abathengi ngokusebenza okuthembekileyo. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-E0 kunye nokuhlelwa okusezantsi uphawuleka ngakumbi kubomi bemveliso, njengoko i-E0 Melamine Plywood igcina izinto ezikhutshwayo ezincinci nasemva kweminyaka yokusetyenziswa, ngelixa iimveliso zodidi olusezantsi zinokuqhubeka nokukhulula iikhompawundi eziyingozi.

IiNzuzo zeMpilo zexesha elide kwiZibonelelo zoKwakha eziKhuphuka kancinci

Ukwamkelwa kwe-E0 Melamine Plywood kwiindawo ezingaphakathi kunika izibonelelo zempilo zexesha elide, ngakumbi kubantu abasesichengeni abafana nabantwana, abantu abadala, kunye nabantu abaneemeko zokuphefumla. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kwe-formaldehyde yangaphakathi kunokunciphisa kakhulu iziganeko zokunyuka kwe-asthma, ukuchasana nomzimba, kunye neentloko ezingapheliyo. Izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngezinto ezikhutshwa kancinci ezifana ne-E0 I-Melamine Plywood zihlala zinika ingxelo ephuculweyo yokuthuthuzela, ukuncitshiswa kwekhefu lokugula, kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo okwandisiweyo. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiindawo apho abantu bachitha ixesha elide, njengamagumbi okulala, iiofisi, neendawo zokufunda. I-Melamine Plywood kunye nesatifikethi se-E0 negalelo ekudaleni iimeko ezinempilo zangaphakathi ngokunciphisa umthwalo wemichiza abahlali abavezwa yonke imihla. Ngokungafaniyo neemveliso zokhuni eziqhelekileyo ezinokuqhubeka ziphuma kwi-gas iminyaka, izinto ezilinganisiweyo ze-E0 zibonelela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuphucula umgangatho womoya. Kubantu abanovelwano lweekhemikhali ezininzi okanye abo bachachayo kwisigulo, ezi mathiriyeli zinokuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokudala imeko-bume exhasa ukuchacha engahlanganisi imiceli mngeni yezempilo kunye nokutyhileka okongeziweyo kweekhemikhali.

Inkqubo yokuVelisa i-E0 Melamine Plywood

Ubuchwephesha bokuBambisa obuPhezulu bokuNcitshiswa kokuPhuma

Iingenelo ezikhethekileyo zomgangatho womoya we-E0 Melamine Plywood zivela ubukhulu becala kubuchwephesha obuguquguqukayo bokuncamathelisa obuphuhliswe ngokukodwa ukunciphisa izinto ezikhutshwayo eziyingozi. Ngokungafaniyo nokuncamatheliswa kwe-urea-formaldehyde eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa kwimveliso yeplywood eqhelekileyo, i-E0 Melamine Plywood isebenzisa i-phenol-formaldehyde ephezulu, i-melamine-formaldehyde, okanye i-formaldehyde-free adhesives njenge-polyurethane okanye i-soy-based binders. Ezi zincamathelisi ziphucukileyo zifumana amandla akhethekileyo okubopha ngelixa zinciphisa ngokumangalisayo ukukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde. Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso ibandakanya iindlela ezichanekileyo zokusetyenziswa ezandisa ukugqunywa kokuncamathelisa ngelixa kuncitshiswa ukusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo, ngakumbi ukunciphisa amandla okukhutshwa. I-Linyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd. isebenzisa imigaqo yokulawula umgangatho wamanqanaba amaninzi ukubeka esweni ukusetyenziswa kwe-adhesive, iqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanayo kuzo zonke iimveliso ze-Melamine Plywood. Utyalo-mali lwenkampani kwizixhobo zokusebenza ze-state-of-the-art ivumela i-ultra-thin, i-uniform encamathelayo yomaleko okwandisa amandla ngelixa unciphisa umxholo wekhemikhali. Ukongeza, ii-catalysts ezikhethekileyo kunye neziqinisi ziyayikhawulezisa inkqubo yokunyanga, zenza iibhondi zeekhemikhali ezizele ngakumbi ezitshixa izinto ezikhutshwayo ezinokuthi zibe kho ngaphakathi kolwakhiwo lwemathiriyeli kunokuba zivumele ukuba zibe ngumphunga kwiindawo ezingqongileyo.

Amanyathelo okulawula umgangatho kuyo yonke iMveliso

Ukwenziwa kwe-E0 esebenza ngokwenene I-Melamine Plywood ifuna iiprothokholi zolawulo lomgangatho ongqongqo kwinqanaba ngalinye lemveliso. I-Linyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd. isebenzisa iinkqubo zokuhlola ezibanzi eziqala ngokukhethwa kwempahla ekrwada, apho kuphela iiveneers zeplanga zeplanga ezinomthamo ofanelekileyo wokufuma kunye nokuthembeka kwesakhiwo samkelwe. Ngexesha lokuhlanganisana, izinzwa ezikhethekileyo zibeka iliso kwireyithi yesicelo sokuncamathelisa, ubushushu, kunye neemeko zokufuma ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubambana okufanelekileyo ngelixa kuncitshiswa amandla okukhutshwa. Inkqubo yokucinezela eshushu ilandela ngokuthe ngqo iiprofayili zexesha lobushushu ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa iimveliso ezikhutshwa kancinci, kunye namaxesha awandisiweyo okunyanga aqinisekisa ukusabela kokuncamathelisa kunye nentsalela encinci ye-formaldehyde yasimahla. Emva kokuveliswa, ibhetshi nganye ye-Melamine Plywood ivavanywa kakhulu kumagumbi okusingqongileyo apho ukukhutshwa kulinganiswa ixesha elide kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezibuthathaka kakhulu ezikwaziyo ukufumanisa amanqanaba e-formaldehyde kwiindawo ngebhiliyoni nganye. Kuphela ziimveliso ezihlala zilinganisa kakuhle ngaphantsi kwe-0.5mg/L zomqobo ezifumana isiqinisekiso se-E0. Ukongeza, inkampani isebenzisa iinkqubo zokulandela umkhondo ezibhaliweyo ezivumela nayiphi na ibhetshi ukuba ilandelelwe kuyo yonke imbali yayo yemveliso, iqinisekisa ukuphendula kunye nomgangatho ongaguqukiyo. Le ndlela icokisekileyo yolawulo lomgangatho iqinisekisa ukuba abathengi bafumana iimveliso ze-Melamine Plywood ezingahlangani kuphela kodwa zigqithise iimfuno zolawulo lokhuseleko lomgangatho womoya wangaphakathi.

Unyango loMphezulu olutywina ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo

I-melamine resin surface layer ye-E0 Melamine Plywood isebenza ngemisebenzi emininzi ngaphaya komtsalane wobuhle, ngokubaluleka okukhethekileyo kumgangatho womoya wangaphakathi. Lo maleko udityaniswe nge-thermal wenza umqobo ongangenekiyo ovala ngokufanelekileyo kuyo nayiphi na intsalela ye-formaldehyde okanye ezinye ii-VOC ezinokuthi zibaleke kwizinto ezingundoqo. Umphezulu we-melamine uphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, inkqubo yesicelo sobushushu obuphezulu eyenza i-molecular cross-linking structure isebenze ngakumbi ekuthinteleni ukukhutshwa kwepeyinti elula okanye i-veneer finishes. Ubuchule bokuvelisa obukwinqanaba eliphezulu obuqashwe yiLinyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd. buqinisekisa ukugqunywa komhlaba okupheleleyo ngaphandle kwemingxunya okanye iindawo ezibuthathaka ezinokubeka esichengeni lo mqobo wokhuselo. Ikhemistri ekhethekileyo yomaleko we-melamine iyaqhubeka nokunyanga ngokuhamba kwexesha, isiya iphumelela ekutywineni izinto ezikhutshwayo njengoko iminyaka yemveliso. Ngaphaya kolawulo lokukhutshwa, olu nyango lomphezulu lubonelela ngokuxhathisa okukhethekileyo kwimikrwelo, amabala, ukufuma, kunye nomonakalo we-UV, igcina zombini iimpawu zayo ezikhuselayo kunye nesibheno sobuhle kubo bonke ubomi obandisiweyo bemveliso. Inkampani inikezela ngonyango oluphezulu kwiingqimba ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zesicelo, kunye nokukhethwa komsebenzi onzima kakhulu okhoyo kwiindawo eziphezulu zetrafikhi okanye zorhwebo apho ukuqina okuphezulu kunye nokulawulwa kokukhutshwa kubalulekile. Ngaphaya koko, iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokutywinwa komphetho ziqinisekisa ukuba imiphetho eveziweyo yeepaneli ezisikiweyo zigcina inqanaba elifanayo lolawulo lokukhutshwa njengeyona ndawo iphambili.

Izicelo eziSebenzayo kunye neeNzuzo kuBomi bemihla ngemihla

Ukudala iindawo eziphilileyo zokuHlala kuBantu onovakalelo

I-E0 I-Melamine Plywood ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezikhethekileyo ekudaleni imeko-bume yokuhlala esempilweni, ngakumbi kubantu abanovakalelo oluphezulu kungcoliseko lwangaphakathi. Kwiintsapho ezinabantwana abancinci, amalungu asele ekhulile, okanye abo baphethwe sisifo sombefu, abakwaliwayo, okanye ukuva iikhemikhali, ukuncitshiswa okukhulu kokukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde kunokuphucula ngokumangalisayo umgangatho wobomi. I-Melamine Plywood enesatifikethi se-E0 iye yanda kakhulu kwiindawo zokugcina abantwana, amagumbi okulala, kunye nezinye iindawo apho abahlali bachitha ixesha elongeziweyo, njengoko ezi ndawo zixhamla kakhulu ekuvezweni okuncitshisiweyo kweekhemikhali. Ukuguquguquka kwemveliso kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iziqwenga zefenitshala-ukusuka kwiibhedi kunye neewadi ukuya kwiikhabhinethi zasekhitshini kunye nezindlu zangasese-ukudala ukhuseleko olubanzi kuyo yonke indawo yokuhlala. Izibonelelo zempilo nazo ziye zaqaphela izibonelelo, zibandakanya ezi zixhobo kumagumbi ezigulane ukukhuthaza indawo zokuphilisa ezingenayo ukukhutshwa kweekhemikhali ezicaphukisayo. Umphezulu we-melamine ongenazimbobo ubonelela ngezibonelelo zempilo ezongezelelweyo ngokuxhathisa ukukhula kwebhaktiriya kunye nokuvumela ucoceko olulula ngaphandle kweekhemikhali ezirhabaxa, ukongeza ngakumbi umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi. Kwiiprojekthi zokulungiswa kumakhaya amadala apho umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi unokuba sele uphazamisekile, ukutshintshela kwi-E0 Melamine Plywood kunokubonelela ngophuculo olukhawulezileyo ngokususa umthombo omkhulu wokukhutshwa kwezinto ezintsha ngelixa indawo evaliweyo inceda ukuthintela ukufunxwa kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya ezikhoyo.

Ukulinganisa i-Aesthetics kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweMpilo

Isibheno esikhethekileyo se-E0 Melamine Plywood silele kubuchule bayo obukhethekileyo bokujongana neenkxalabo zempilo kunye neemfuno zobuhle ngaphandle kokulalanisa. Ifumaneka kuluhlu olubanzi lwemibala, iipateni, kunye nokuthungwa-ukusuka kwiinkozo zomthi zokwenene ukuya kwimibala eqinileyo kunye noyilo lokuhombisa-ezi panels zivumela abaqulunqi kunye nabaninikhaya ukuba bafezekise nayiphi na inkangeleko efunekayo ngelixa begcina imigangatho engqongqo yomgangatho womoya. Itekhnoloji yokuvelisa ihambele phambili ukuze idale inkcazo ephezulu yokuphinda kuveliswe kweefoto zeprimiyamu efana newalnut, i-oki, kunye neentlobo ezingaqhelekanga, ibonelela ngobushushu obubonakalayo bomthi wendalo ngaphandle kwemiba yogcino oluhambelanayo okanye ukukhutshwa okuguquguqukayo. I-Melamine PlywoodUmbala ongaguqukiyo kubomi bemveliso imele enye inzuzo yobuhle, njengoko imelana nokuphela kokuvezwa kwe-UV ehlala ichaphazela iinkuni zendalo okanye iilayithi zomgangatho ophantsi. Umphezulu unokuveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugqibezela ezibandakanya ukucwebezela okuphezulu, i-matte, okanye i-textured anti-fingerprint treatments, nganye igcina iimpawu ezifanayo zokulawula ukukhutshwa. Kubasebenzi boyilo, imveliso ibonelela ngobuchule obugqwesileyo beeprofayili zomda wesiko, ukusika, kunye noyilo oluneenkcukacha ngelixa ugcina ingqibelelo yomphezulu okhuselayo. Iiprojekthi zokuhlala ezikumgangatho ophezulu ziye zabonisa ifanitshala eyilwe ngokwesiqhelo kunye nezakhelwe ngaphakathi kusetyenziswa i-E0 Melamine Plywood, ebonisa ukuba ukhetho lwezixhobo ezijonga impilo akufuneki luthintele ukubonakaliswa kokuyila okanye impumelelo yobuhle kuyilo lwangaphakathi.

Iindleko-zokusebenza kwixesha elide

Ngelixa i-E0 Melamine Plywood inokumela utyalo-mali oluphezulu kancinane xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso zomthi eziqhelekileyo, iinzuzo zayo zexesha elide zezoqoqosho zizisa ixabiso elikhethekileyo. Ukuqina okukhethekileyo kwe-Melamine Plywood kwandisa kakhulu imijikelo yokutshintshwa, kunye nezicelo eziqhelekileyo ezigcina inkangeleko yazo kunye nentembeko yesakhiwo iminyaka eyi-15-20 xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka emi-5-10 kwizinto eziqhelekileyo. Oku kuphila ixesha elide kunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo iindleko zobunini ubomi ngokususa imijikelo emininzi yokutshintsha. Ukumelana nemathiriyeli kubumanzi, imikrwelo, kunye namabala kunciphisa iimfuno zogcino kunye neendleko ezinxulumene noko, ukuphelisa imfuno yokucocwa ngamaxesha athile okufunwa ngumthi wendalo. Ukongiwa kweendleko ezinxulumene nempilo kubonisa enye inzuzo ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho, njengoko ukuphuculwa komgangatho womoya wangaphakathi uhambelana neendleko zonyango ezincitshisiweyo, iintsuku ezimbalwa zokugula, kunye nemveliso eyandisiweyo kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo. Iingqwalaselo zexabiso lepropathi zikwathanda i-E0 Melamine Plywood, njengoko imathiriyeli ekhathalela indalo isiya isiyalela amaxabiso okuthengiswa kweprimiyamu kwimarike yezindlu nezindlu, kunye nezangaphakathi eziqinisekisiweyo ezikhutshwa kancinci zibe yindawo yokuthengisa enexabiso. I-Linyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd. inikezela ngamaxabiso umthamo onyusa ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu, kunye nokungaguquguquki kwezinto kunciphisa inkunkuma ngexesha lokuyilwa xa kuthelekiswa nomthi wendalo oneziphene zawo. Ukuzuzwa ngokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kubonelela ngeenzuzo ezongezelelweyo zoqoqosho, njengoko izinzile, ubunjineli bendalo yeMelamine Plywood idala iipropati ezingcono zokugquma kuneendlela ezizezinye zomthi oqinileyo, okunokunciphisa iindleko zokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa ubomi bemveliso.

isiphelo

E0 I-Melamine Plywood imele isisombululo esisiso sokuphucula umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi ngelixa idibana nobuhle, ukuqina, kunye neemfuno zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ngokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde, le mveliso yokhuni yobunjineli idala impilo enempilo kunye neendawo zokusebenza ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza okanye ukuyila okunokwenzeka. Nokuba uceba ulwakhiwo olutsha, uhlaziyo, okanye iprojekthi yefanitshala, i-E0 Melamine Plywood ifanele ukuqwalaselwa nzulu ngeenzuzo zayo zempilo kunye nexabiso lilonke. Ngaba ujonge ukutshintsha indawo yakho ngezinto ezikhathalela impilo ezingancami umgangatho okanye ubuhle? ELinyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd., sinomdla wokwenza iimveliso eziphucula okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo entle. Iqela lethu leengcali likulungele ukukunceda ukhethe i-E0 Melamine Plywood efanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho ezithile. Qhagamshelana nathi namhlanje ku howie@longtermwood.com ukuxoxa ngeprojekthi yakho okanye ucele iisampulu zeemveliso zethu zeprimiyamu ezikhutshwa kancinci!

Ucaphulo

1. Zhang, L., et al. (2023). "Impembelelo yeZixhobo zoKwakha eziKhuselekileyo kuMgangatho woMoya wangaphakathi kwiiNdawo zokuHlala." Umbhalo weSayensi yezeMpilo yeNdalo, i-45 (3), i-218-234.

2. Thompson, RJ (2022). "Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwe-Formaldehyde Emissions esuka kwi-E0, i-E1, kunye ne-E2 yeeMveliso zokhuni ezikhethiweyo." Uphononongo lweTekhnoloji yoMgangatho woMoya wangaphakathi, i-17 (2), i-89-103.

3. Chen, H., & Wilson, J. (2023). "Ukusebenza kwexesha elide leMelamine Surface Treatments in Emission Nciphiso kwiiMveliso zokhuni zobuNjineli." Isakhiwo kunye nokusingqongileyo, 198, 107-121.

4. Yamamoto, K., et al. (2021). "IziPhumo zezeMpilo kwiiNdawo zokuHlala ezilandela ukuGuqulwa kwiZibonelelo zoKwakha eziKhuselekileyo." Ijenali yeHlabathi yoPhando lweNdalo, i-15 (4), i-342-357.

5. Rodriguez, MS, & Johnson, TP (2024). "Uhlalutyo lweNdleko-yeNzuzo yeMveliso yoMthi yeNtlawulo ePhantsi yokuPhuma kwiiMveliso zoMthi kuLwakhiwo lwezoRhwebo." Ijenali yeTekhnoloji yoLwakhiwo oluZinzileyo, i-29 (1), i-45-62.

6. Miller, DA, et al. (2023). "Ukuqhubela phambili kwiTekhnoloji yokubambelela kwi-VOC yokuNcitshiswa kwe-VOC kwi-Engineered Wood." I-Wood Science kunye neTekhnoloji Journal, 57 (2), 211-229.