Ikhaya > Ulwazi - Sanxin > Ngaba iPlywood yoKwakha iFomwork yePlywood iqinisekisa uMsebenzi oQhubelekayo kwiiMeko eziBabekileyo?

Ngaba iPlywood yoKwakha iFomwork yePlywood iqinisekisa uMsebenzi oQhubelekayo kwiiMeko eziBabekileyo?

2025-07-03

Ulwakhiwo lwePlywood yoMsebenzi woMthi imele itekhnoloji yesiseko kulwakhiwo lwekhonkrithi yale mihla, inikezela ukusebenza okungagungqiyo kuyo yonke imingeni eyahlukahlukeneyo yokusingqongileyo. Le mveliso yokhuni yobunjineli yobunjineli idibanisa itekhnoloji yokugquma i-phenolic ephucukileyo kunye nolwakhiwo lwamaplanga amaninzi aqinileyo ukumelana namaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, ukuguquguquka kokufuma, kunye noxinzelelo lomatshini oludityaniswe nemeko enzima yokwakha. Ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezichanekileyo zokuvelisa kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto ezicwangcisiweyo, iPlywood yoKwakha i-Wood Wood Formwork igcina uzinzo lwe-dimensional, imfezeko yesakhiwo, kunye nomgangatho womphezulu naphantsi kweemeko ezinzima kakhulu, okwenza kube yinto efunekayo kwiiprojekthi ukusuka kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo ukuya kuphuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso apho ukusebenza okungaguqukiyo kungenakuxoxisana.

UbuNjineli beMathiriyeli obukwinqanaba eliPhakamileyo lokuZimela okugqithisileyo kokusiNgqongileyo

I-Phenolic Film Coating Technology kunye nokumelana nokufuma

I-Plywood yoKwakha i-Wood Formwork ifezekisa ukuxhathisa okumangalisayo kokufuma ngenkqubo yayo ephucukileyo ye-phenolic yokugquma ifilimu, eyenza umqobo ongenakungena ekungeneni kwamanzi. I-phenolic coating, edla ngokusetyenziswa kumanqanaba amaninzi ngexesha lenkqubo yokucinezela ubushushu, yenza isibopho semolekyuli kunye ne-substrate yokhuni ethintela i-delamination naphantsi kokuvezwa ixesha elide kukufuma. Obu buchwephesha bokugquma buqinisekisa ukuba i-Construction Wood Formwork Plywood igcina iimpawu zayo zesakhiwo xa ibonakaliswe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okufuma, imvula, kunye nokunyameka kwekhonkrithi. Isigqubuthelo sobuso esimnyama esisetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwi-formwork yenqanaba lobuchwephesha sibonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo lwe-UV kunye nokuqina okongeziweyo ngokuchasene nokonakaliswa kwendalo. Ubume bomxholo wokufuma we-8-14% wePlywood yoKwakha iFomwork yePlywood imele amanqanaba alinganayo okufuma okuthintela ukulwa, ukuqhekeka, okanye ukungazinzi komda ngexesha lokutshintsha kobushushu. Lo mxholo wokufuma ulawulwa ngononophelo, udityaniswe nesithintelo se-phenolic, uvumela i-plywood ukuba igcine iimpawu zokusebenza ezingaguqukiyo kuzo zonke iimeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimo engqongileyo yetropikhi ephezulu yokufuma ukuya kwiziza zokwakha eziyintlango.

I-Multi-Layer Poplar Core Construction kunye noZinzo lweZakhiwo

Ulwakhiwo olungundoqo lwepoplar lwe Ulwakhiwo lwePlywood yoMsebenzi woMthi ibonelela ngozinzo olukhethekileyo lolwakhiwo ngokuqhelaniswa kwayo okuziinkozo kunye nokwakheka kwefayibha ezixinana kakhulu. Iimpawu zendalo zomthi wePopoli, kubandakanywa ubume bayo obuziinkozo obungaguqukiyo kunye noxinaniso oluphakathi, lwenza isiseko esifanelekileyo sezicelo zefom apho uzinzo lwe-dimensional lubaluleke kakhulu. Ulwakhiwo olunamanqanaba amaninzi kunye nezikhombisi-ndlela eziziinkozo zihambisa imithwalo yoxinzelelo ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umphezulu wepaneli, ukuthintela iindawo zokungaphumeleli zendawo ezinokuthi ziphazamise ukunyaniseka kwesakhiwo phantsi kweemeko zokulayisha ngokugqithiseleyo. Ukwakhiwa komthi wePopulari Undoqo wePlywood ubonisa ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwimikhosi yoxinzelelo eyenziwa ngexesha lokugalelwa kwekhonkrithi, ukugcinwa kwe-flatness kunye nokuthintela ukuphambuka okunokubangela ukungahambi kakuhle kwendawo. Ulwakhiwo lwefiber eshinyeneyo yomthi wepoplar lukwanegalelo kubuchule beplywood bokumelana nokwandiswa kwe-thermal ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nemijikelo yokucutha ngaphandle kokuphuhlisa ukwaphuka koxinzelelo okanye i-delamination. Olu lwakhiwo olungundoqo olunobunjineli lwenza ukuba iPlywood yoKwakha i-Workwood Formwork Plywood igcine ukunyamezelwa kobunzima obuyi-±0.5mm naphantsi kweemeko eziguquguqukayo zokusingqongileyo, iqinisekisa imiphezulu yekhonkrithi echanekileyo kunye nokunciphisa imfuno yomsebenzi owongezelelweyo wokugqiba.

Inkqubo yokuVelisa iHot-Press kunye noQinisekiso loMgangatho

Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-hot-press esetyenzisiweyo ekuveliseni i-Construction Wood Formwork Plywood ibandakanya ubushushu obuchanekileyo kunye nolawulo loxinzelelo oludala amabhondi e-molecular phakathi kweeleyile zokubambelela kunye nemicu yomthi. Ubuchwephesha bokuvelisa, obubandakanya imijikelo ye-1-2 ye-hot-press kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-140 ° C, iqinisekisa ukunyanga okuncamathelayo okugqibeleleyo kwaye kudala i-matrix yesakhiwo esilinganayo esichasa i-delamination phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Inkqubo elawulwayo yokucinezela i-hot-pressing isusa i-voids yangaphakathi kunye neepokethi zomoya ezinokuthi ziphazamise ingqibelelo yesakhiwo, okukhokelela kwi-Construction Wood Formwork Plywood kunye nokusabalalisa ubuninzi obufanayo kunye neepropati ezihambelanayo zomatshini kulo lonke iphaneli. Amanyathelo okulawula umgangatho ngexesha lesigaba sokutshisa i-hot-press ibandakanya ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo kwee-gradients zeqondo lokushisa, ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo, kunye neepatheni zokuhamba okunamathelayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe iimpawu ezifanelekileyo zokubopha. Inkqubo yokuvelisa ibandakanya iinkqubo zokubambelela eziphambili, ezibandakanya i-MR (i-Moisture Resistant), i-WBP (iMozulu kunye noBungqina bokuBilisa), kunye ne-melamine-based formulations ebonelela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okumelana nokusingqongileyo. I-Workwood Wood Formwork Plywood eyenziwe ngale nkqubo ingqongqo ibonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwiimeko zobushushu obugqithisileyo, igcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo kumaqondo obushushu ukusuka -20 ° C ukuya + 60 ° C ngelixa ugcina uzinzo lwe-dimensional kunye nomgangatho womphezulu.

Ukulungelelaniswa kokusiNgqongileyo kunye nokuPhuculwa kokuSebenza

Ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokuzinza kweThermal

IPlywood yoKwakha iPlywood ibonakalisa uzinzo olumangalisayo ngolwakhiwo lwayo lobunjineli kunye neenkqubo ezincamathelayo ezikhethekileyo ezigcina ingqibelelo yebhondi kuwo wonke amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo. Inkqubo yokugquma i-phenolic ibonelela ngeempawu zokuthintela ukushisa ezikhusela i-substrate yomthi ephantsi ukusuka ekuguquguqukeni kobushushu obukhawulezayo obunokubangela ukwanda kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo. Ukwakhiwa kwe-adhesive ephezulu, ngokukodwa i-WBP kunye neenkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-melamine, zigcina iimpawu zazo zesakhiwo kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo adibana nokwakhiwa kwemozulu eshushu okanye ngexesha leenkqubo zokunyanga ikhonkrithi. Ulwakhiwo lwe-Wood Formwork yePlywood ye-thermal yeempawu zePlywood ziquka i-coefficient encinci yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, iqinisekisa uzinzo lwe-dimensional ngexesha lokutshintsha kwamaqondo okushisa okunokuthi kubangele ukulwa okanye ukungahambi kakuhle kwendawo. Ulwakhiwo olunamanqanaba amaninzi kunye ne-alternating grain orientation lubonelela ngokusasazwa koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluthintela ukuxinzezeleka koxinzelelo lwe-thermal, okuvumela i-plywood ukuba igcine i-flatness kunye nengqibelelo yesakhiwo naphantsi kwebhayisikile yobushushu obugqithisileyo. Uvavanyo lwentsimi lubonisa ukuba i-Construction Wood Formwork Plywood igcina amandla ayo okuthwala umthwalo kunye nomgangatho ophezulu xa ibonakaliswe kumaqondo okushisa angaphezu kwama-50 ° C, okwenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiiprojekthi zokwakha kwiindawo zemozulu entlango okanye izicelo zoshishino apho amaqondo okushisa aphakamileyo aqhelekileyo.

Ukunyangwa kweMichiza kunye nokuqina

Iimpawu zokuxhathisa iikhemikhali ze Ulwakhiwo lwePlywood yoMsebenzi woMthi isuka kwinkqubo yayo yokugquma i-phenolic kunye ne-adhesive formulations ezikhethekileyo ezibonelela ngokhuseleko kwiindawo zekhonkrithi zealkaline kunye nokuvezwa kweekhemikhali. Ifilimu ye-phenolic idala umqobo ovimbela izisombululo ze-alkali ekungeneni kwi-substrate yomthi, ukukhusela kwimiphumo ephazamisayo yezongezo zekhonkrithi kunye nokunyanga iikhompawundi. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Wood Wood Formwork Plywood ibonisa ukuxhathisa okugqwesileyo kwiinguqu ze-pH eziqhelekileyo eziye zadibana nazo ekwakhiweni kwekhonkrithi, ukugcina ingqibelelo yomhlaba kunye nokuzinza kwe-dimensional xa ibonakaliswe kwiimeko ze-alkaline kunye namazinga e-pH angaphezu kwe-12. Iimpawu zokuxhathisa imichiza zandisa ekukhuselweni kwi-oyile-based release release kunye nefom ye-lubricants esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kulwakhiwo lwekhonkrithi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-Construction Wood Formwork Plywood igcina iimpawu zayo eziphezulu kunye ne-reus. Iinkqubo zokuncamathela eziphucukileyo, ngakumbi ezo zidibana nemigangatho yokukhutshwa kwe-E0 kunye ne-E1 ye-formaldehyde, zibonelela ngokuzinza kweekhemikhali zangaphakathi ezithintela ukuthotywa kwe-matrix yokuncamathelisa iinkuni phantsi kokuvezwa kweekhemikhali. Iimpawu zokuxhathisa iikhemikhali ze-Construction Wood Formwork Plywood zenza imijikelezo emininzi yokusetyenziswa kwakhona, ngokuqhelekileyo i-8-12 imijikelezo yezicelo eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-20 + imijikelezo yamabakala e-premium, ngelixa igcina iimpawu zokusebenza ezihambelanayo kubo bonke ubomi benkonzo.

Ukusasazwa komthwalo kunye nokuSebenza koomatshini

I-Plywood yoKwakha iFomu yoMthi ifezekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu koomatshini ngolwakhiwo lwayo lobunjineli olukhulisa ukuhanjiswa komthwalo kunye neempawu zokuchasana noxinzelelo. Ulwakhiwo olungundoqo olunamaleko amaninzi lwepoplar lunika amandla okugoba akhethekileyo, adlula ngaphaya kwe-30MPa, eyenza iplywood ikwazi ukuxhasa imithwalo enzima yekhonkrithi ngaphandle kokuphambuka okanye ukusilela kulwakhiwo. Ukuqhelaniswa okuziinkozo kuLwakhiwo lwePlywood yeFom yoMthi yenza i-matrix yesakhiwo esasaza imithwalo yamanqaku kuwo wonke umphezulu wephaneli, ukuthintela ukugxininiswa koxinzelelo lwasekhaya olunokukhokelela ekungaphumelelini. Iinketho zobungqingqwa be-12mm, 15mm, kunye ne-18mm zibonelela ngokuguquguquka kwizicelo zokuthwala umthwalo, kunye nobukhulu obuqhelekileyo obuyi-18mm obunika ibhalansi eyona ilungileyo phakathi kwamandla okwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwempahla. Ulwakhiwo lwe-Wood Formwork yePlywood yeepropathi zoomatshini ziquka ukuchasana kweempembelelo eziphezulu ezikhusela umonakalo ngexesha lokuphatha kunye nofakelo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguqukiyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwakha. Iimpawu zokusasazwa komthwalo wePlywood yoKwakha i-Wood Wood Formwork ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizicelo ezifunwayo ezifana nokwakhiwa kwekholomu ephezulu kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-slab enzima, apho umthamo ohambelanayo womthwalo uyimfuneko kwingqibelelo yesakhiwo kunye nokhuseleko.

Ulawulo loMgangatho kunye nokuGqwesa koMveliso

ImiGangatho yoMveliso echanekileyo kunye neeProtokholi zokuHlola

Imveliso yePlywood yoKwakha ibandakanya iiprothokholi zolawulo olubanzi eziqinisekisa iimpawu zokusebenza ezingaguqukiyo kuzo zonke iibhetshi zemveliso. Inkqubo yokuhlola iqala ngokukhetha ngononophelo i-poplar wood veneers, ukuphonononga ukuqhelaniswa kweenkozo, umxholo wokufuma, kunye nentembeko yesakhiwo ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho ophezulu wezinto ezikrwada. Ngexesha lendibano, iPlywood yoKwakha i-Wood Wood Formwork ibeka iliso elichanekileyo lokusetyenziswa kweglue ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhanjiswa kwe-adhesive efanayo kunye nokudibanisa okufanelekileyo phakathi kweeleyile. Inkqubo yoxinzelelo olushushu ibandakanya ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo kweeprofayili zeqondo lokushisa, ukuhanjiswa koxinzelelo, kunye nexesha lomjikelo ukugcina iiparamitha zokuvelisa ezihambelana ngqo nefuthe ekusebenzeni kwemveliso yokugqibela. Ukuhlolwa kwasemva kokwenziwa kokwenziwa kwePlywood yoKwakha iPlywood ibandakanya ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho, uvavanyo lomgangatho womphezulu, kunye novavanyo lwepropathi ngoomatshini ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokusebenza echaziweyo. Iiprothokholi zovavanyo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu zivavanya amandla okugoba, ukuxhathisa ukufuma, kunye nokuguda komphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ipaneli nganye iyahlangabezana neemfuno ezibangwayo zezicelo zeemeko ezigqithisileyo. Inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho ibandakanya ukulandelela ibhetshi kunye namaxwebhu abonelela ngokulandeleka okupheleleyo ukusuka ekukhethweni kwezinto ezikrwada ngokunikezelwa kwemveliso yokugqibela, ukuqinisekisa imigangatho engaguqukiyo yomgangatho wePlywood yoKwakha iPlywood.

IMigangatho yokusiNgqongileyo kunye nokuThobela ukuZinzo

Ulwakhiwo lwePlywood yoMsebenzi woMthi ithobela imigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo ngokusebenzisa izinto zokuncamathelisa ezilungele i-eco-friendly kunye nezenzo zokwenziwa ezizinzileyo ezinciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ngelixa igcina ukusebenza kakuhle. Iinkqubo zokuncamathelisa ezisetyenziswe kwimveliso yePlywood yoKwakha i-Workwood Formwork idibana ne-E0 kunye ne-E1 yokuhlelwa kokukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa komgangatho womoya wangaphakathi kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi ngexesha lezicelo zokwakha. Isiqinisekiso se-FSC (iBhunga lokuLawula aMahlathi) soKwakha i-Wood Wood Formwork Plywood ibonisa ukuzibophelela kulawulo lwehlathi olunenkathalo kunye nezenzo zokufumana imathiriyeli ekrwada ezinzileyo. Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso ibandakanya amacebo okunciphisa inkunkuma kunye neendlela zemveliso ezonga amandla ezicutha imo yendalo esingqongileyo ngelixa igcina imigangatho yobulunga bemveliso. Iimpawu zokuzinza ze-Wood Wood Formwork Plywood ziquka ubomi obandisiweyo benkonzo ngokusebenzisa imijikelo emininzi yokusetyenziswa kwakhona, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zonke kunye nokuveliswa kwenkunkuma kwiiprojekthi zokwakha. Ukuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo kwePlywood yoKwakha i-Wood Wood Formwork yandisa kwizinto zokupakisha kunye neendlela zokuthutha ezinciphisa i-carbon footprint ngelixa iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwemveliso ngexesha lokuthutha. Uvavanyo loqinisekiso lomgangatho lubandakanya ukuqinisekiswa kwamanqanaba okukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde kunye nezinye iiparamitha zokusingqongileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yokusingqongileyo yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neekhowudi zokwakha.

Ubunakho bokwenza ngokwezifiso kunye neNkxaso yobuGcisa

I-Plywood yoKwakha i-Wood Wood Formwork inikezela ngeendlela ezininzi zokulungelelanisa ezivumela ukulungelelaniswa kweemfuno ezithile zeprojekthi kunye nezicelo zeemeko ezigqithisileyo. Ubungakanani bobuchule bokwenza ngokwezifiso bubandakanya imilinganiselo engeyiyo imigangatho efana neepaneli ze-1250x2550mm kunye nokusika isiko kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo zeprojekthi, ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezifanelekileyo kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma. Iinketho zokwenza ubungqingqwa obungaphaya komgangatho we-18mm uvumela iPlywood yoKwakha iFomu yoMthi ukuba ilungiselelwe iimfuno ezithile zokuthwala umthwalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwakhiwo. Iinketho zonyango ezingaphezulu zibandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwaleka kwephenolic ezibonelela ngeempawu zokusebenza ezongeziweyo kwiimeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo okanye iimfuno zobuhle. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Wood Wood Formwork I-Plywood ngokwezifiso ifikelela ekukhethweni kwe-adhesive, kunye neendlela ezibandakanya i-MR, i-E0, i-E1, i-E2, i-WBP, kunye ne-melamine formulations ebonelela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okumelana nokufuma kunye nokuqina kwendalo. Iinkonzo zenkxaso yobuchwephesha zibandakanya ukubonisana kwezobunjineli ukwenzela ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwemveliso, isikhokelo sofakelo, kunye neengcebiso zokuphucula ukusebenza ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezithile zeprojekthi. Izakhono zokwenza ngokwezifiso zePlywood yoKwakha i-Woodwood Formwork Plywood yenza ukuhambelana ngokuchanekileyo kweempawu zeemveliso kwiimfuno zeprojekthi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezinzima ngelixa kugcinwa ukuphumelela kweendleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokwakha.

isiphelo

Ulwakhiwo lwePlywood yoMsebenzi woMthi ibonisa ukuthembeka okubalaseleyo kokusebenza kwiimeko ezimandundu ngoyilo lobunjineli obuphezulu, iinkqubo zokuvelisa ezichanekileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezibanzi zolawulo lomgangatho. Ukudityaniswa kwetekhnoloji yokugquma i-phenolic, ulwakhiwo olungundoqo olunamanqanaba amaninzi, kunye neenkqubo zokuncamathelisa ezikhethekileyo zenza isisombululo se-formwork esigcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo, uzinzo lwe-dimensional, kunye nomgangatho womphezulu kuyo yonke imingeni eyahlukahlukeneyo yokusingqongileyo, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekileyo ekufuneni izicelo zokwakha apho ukusebenza okungaguqukiyo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ngaba ukulungele ukuva umsebenzi ogqwesileyo wePlywood yoKwakha iPlywood kwiprojekthi yakho elandelayo? ELinyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd., iminyaka yethu eyi-15+ yobugcisa bokwenza nokuzibophelela ekugqweseni komgangatho kuqinisekisa ukuba ipaneli nganye ihlangabezana neyona migangatho iphezulu yoshishino kwizicelo zemeko egqithisileyo. Sinikezela ngeenketho ezibanzi zokwenza ngokwezifiso, amaxabiso okuthengisa akhuphisanayo, kunye neeshedyuli ezithembekileyo zokuhanjiswa ukuxhasa iimfuno zakho zexesha lokwakha. Iqela lethu lobugcisa elinamava libonelela ngenkxaso eqhubekayo kuwo wonke umjikelo weprojekthi yakho, iqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. Qhagamshelana neengcali zethu zokuthengisa namhlanje howie@longtermwood.com ukuxoxa ngeemfuno zakho ezithile kwaye ufumanise ukuba iprimiyamu yethu yoKwakha iPlywood yePlywood ingaphucula impumelelo yeprojekthi yakho ngelixa unikezela ngexabiso elikhethekileyo kunye nokuthembeka komsebenzi.

Ucaphulo

Chen, L., & Wang, M. (2023). "Ii-Phenolic Coating Systems zokomelezwa kokumelana nokufuma kwizicelo zeFomu yoKwakha." Ijenali yezoBunjineli bezinto zokwakha, 45 (3), 127-142.

Rodriguez, P., Zhang, H., & Thompson, J. (2024). "Ukusebenza okuDityanisiweyo koMaleko oMninzi phantsi kweeMeko eziNgqongileyo zokusiNgqongileyo." INkomfa yamazwe ngamazwe kwiZixhobo zoKwakha eziPhezulu, i-12 (2), i-89-104.

Kumar, S., & Liu, Y. (2023). "Ukuzinza kwe-Thermal kunye nokuchasana kweMichiza yeeMveliso zokhuni zobuNjineli kwizicelo zoKwakha." ISayensi yeMathiriyeli kunye neTekhnoloji yoKwakha, 38 (7), 245-261.

Andersson, K., Patel, R., & Brown, D. (2024). "ImiGangatho yoLawulo loMgangatho kunye nokuGqwesa koMveliso kwiFomwork Plywood Production." Uveliso lweeMveliso zoMthi ngekota, i-29 (4), i-178-193.

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Inqaku elidlulileyo: Zeziphi ezona zicelo ziPhezulu zePlywood yeBirch egcweleyo kulwakhiwo?

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