Isikhokelo soMthengi oSmart kwi-3 4 Birch Veneer Plywood

Xa kuziwa ekukhetheni imathiriyeli yeplanga yeplanga yeplanga yolwakhiwo lobuchwephesha, ukwenziwa kwefanitshala, okanye usetyenziso lwaselwandle, ukuqonda ukuntsonkotha kwe-3 4 birch veneer plywood kubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni izigqibo zokuthenga unolwazi. Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sibonelela abaqeqeshi beshishini, iikontraka, kunye nabasebenzi bemithi abanzulu ngolwazi oluyimfuneko malunga nokukhangela, ukuvavanya, kunye nokusetyenziswa. 3 4 birch veneer plywood ngempumelelo. Ukusuka kwiinkcukacha zobugcisa kunye neziqinisekiso zomgangatho ukuya kwizicelo ezisebenzayo kunye neendlela zovavanyo lomthengisi, siza kuphonononga yonke inkalo ekufuneka abathengi abakrelekrele bayiqwalasele xa betyala imali kwesi sixhobo sokwakha sisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi. Nokuba ucwangcisa iiprojekthi zorhwebo ezinkulu okanye iinzame zokuchwela ngokuchanekileyo, esi sikhokelo siya kukuxhobisa ngobuchule bokwenza izigqibo zokuthenga eziqinisekileyo, ezingabizi kakhulu ezihambelana neemfuno zakho kunye nemigangatho yomgangatho.

Ukuqonda i-3/4 ye-Birch Veneer Plywood Iinkcukacha kunye neMigangatho yoMgangatho

IiNgcaciso zobuGcisa ezichaza uMgangatho wePrimiyamu

Isiseko sokuthenga ngobuchule siqala ngokuqonda iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo zobugcisa ezahlula umgangatho ophezulu we-3/4 birch veneer plywood ukusuka kwezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo. Iplywood ye-Professional-grade 3/4 birch veneer ikholisa ukuba nobukhulu obuyi-18mm (0.75 ii-intshi) enokunyamezela ngokungqongqo ±0.02 i-intshi, iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kubalulekile kumatshini we-CNC kunye nokusetyenziswa okuchanekileyo kokujoyina. Ulwakhiwo olungundoqo lusebenzisa izibane ezinqamlezileyo zebirch ezibonelela uzinzo olukhethekileyo lobukhulu kunye nomthamo wokuthwala umthwalo, kunye noxinano olusuka kuma-520-580 kg/m³. Abavelisi bePrimiyamu baqeshe i-Baltic birch veneers ebusweni nasemva kweplies, enikezela ngokungaguquguqukiyo okuziinkozo kunye neziphene ezincinci. Umxholo womswakama ulawulwa ngokucophelela phakathi kwe-8-18%, kunye nezixhobo ezomileyo ze-kiln zigcina ≤8% ukuzinza ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo. Xa uvavanya ababoneleli, qinisekisa ukuba i-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood yabo iyahlangabezana nezi nkcukacha zingqongqo, njengoko ukwahluka kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwimpumelelo yeprojekthi yakho kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide.

ImiGangatho yoQinisekiso kunye nokuThotyelwa kweNdawo

Iimfuno zokuthengwa kwempahla zanamhlanje zandisa ngaphaya kweemetrics zomgangatho osisiseko ukubandakanya uxanduva lokusingqongileyo kunye neziqinisekiso zokhuseleko. Intlawulo yanyanga le 3 4 birch veneer plywood kufuneka ihambelane nemigangatho emininzi yamazwe ngamazwe, kubandakanywa nesiqinisekiso seFSC (Forest Stewardship Council) sezenzo zamahlathi ezizinzileyo kunye nokuthotyelwa kweSigaba sesi-2 se-CARB sokukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde. Eyona plywood ye-3 4 ye-birch veneer plywood idla ngokucinezelwa nge-phenol-formaldehyde okanye iglu ye-WBP yokuqina kunye nokumelana namanzi, kunye nabanikezeli abathembekileyo ababonelela ngamaxwebhu afana ne-FSC, i-CARB, i-ISO9001, okanye isiqinisekiso se-CE, eqinisekisa ukuba isiqinisekiso se-CARB seSigaba se-2 sihlangabezana neyona migangatho ingqongqo ye-formaldehyde. Ukuthotyelwa kwe-EPA TSCA VI iqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kwe-zero formaldehyde, ukukhusela umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi ngelixa ugcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo. Ukukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde kuhambelana nebakala le-E1, ibakala le-E0 kunye nesiqinisekiso se-CARB se-P2, kusetyenziswa ubugcisa obuphezulu bokuvelisa kuquka i-scarf joint, i-long-whole-piece-core-veneers, kunye nobuchule bokudibanisa obungenamthungo. Abathengi be-Smart kufuneka babeke phambili ababoneleli ababonelela ngamaxwebhu esiqinisekiso esibanzi, njengoko le migangatho inefuthe ngokuthe ngqo kokuthotyelwa kweprojekthi kunye nokhuseleko lomsebenzisi wokugqibela kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nezicelo zorhwebo.

UHlelo lweBanga kunye noVavanyo loMgangatho woMphezulu

Ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwebakala kunceda abathengi ukuba bakhethe i-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood efanelekileyo kwizicelo ezithile ngelixa belungiselela ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. Ubuso bebakala le-AA bubonisa imigangatho ecacileyo, engenaziphene eneepateni zenkozo ezingaguqukiyo ezilungele usetyenziso olubonakalayo olufuna ibala okanye ukugqitywa okucacileyo. Ubuso bebakala B busenokuqulatha amaqhina amancinci, abambeneyo kunye nokwahluka kombala omncinci olungele umphezulu opeyintiweyo okanye usetyenziso olufihlakeleyo lwesakhiwo. I-Baltic Birch Plywood isebenzisa isiqwenga esinye esiqinileyo se-Birch veneer kwiply nganye ene-cross-banded alternating direction of grain kunye neglu eqinile yangaphakathi, ekhokelela kuzinzo kunye nokomelela okungaqhelekanga ngaphandle kwe-voids okanye iipokotho zeglu. Ibakala elingasemva lidla ngokuqhuba inqanaba elinye ngezantsi kwebakala lobuso, libonelela ngeendleko eziphezulu ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza kwesakhiwo. I-Premium ye-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood idlula kwi-sanding echanekileyo ukuya kwi-180-grit ekugqibeleni, isusa imfuno yokulungiswa komphezulu ongezelelweyo kwizicelo ezininzi. Xa uvavanya iisampulu, jonga umgangatho womphetho wolwakhiwo olungenanto kunye nobukhulu beply obungaguqukiyo, njengoko ezi mpawu zinxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nokusebenza komatshini kunye nokuthembeka okudibeneyo.

Izicelo kunye neempawu zokuSebenza kwiiSetingi zobuNgcali

Ukwenziwa kweFenitshala kunye nokuGqwesa kwiKhabhinethi

Ishishini lefenitshala lixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood kwizicelo ezifuna zombini imfezeko yesakhiwo kunye nesibheno sobuhle. I-Birch Veneer Plywood isoloko isetyenziswa ekhitshini nakwiikhabhathi zokuhlambela ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kunye nomphezulu ogudileyo, ucolwa ngokulula okanye ugqitywe ukufezekisa i-aesthetics efunwayo, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiziqwenga zefanitshala ezifana neetafile, izitulo, abanxibi kunye needesika. Abenzi bekhabhathi abaziingcali bayayixabisa into yokubamba isikrufu esikhethekileyo, esithintela ukukhulula kwizinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezilayidi zedrowa kunye neendawo zokuxhoma iihenjisi. Ukwakhiwa kweenkozo ezinqamlezileyo ze-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood inika ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwimfazwe kunye nentshukumo yamaxesha onyaka xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zomthi oqinileyo, obalulekileyo ekugcineni ulungelelwaniso locango kunye nedrowa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Usetyenziso lwe-Edge-banding luzuza kuxinaniso lwemathiriyeli kunye neempawu zobuchwephesha obugudileyo, idala utshintsho olungenamthungo phakathi kobuso beveneer kunye ne-edging yomthi owomeleleyo. Umphezulu ofakwe isanti ngaphambili wamkela amabala ngokulinganayo, ususa amabala axhaphakileyo kunye neendidi zomthi ezithambileyo, ngelixa ulwakhiwo lweziinkozo eziluqilima lubonelela ngepeyinti encamathelayo encamatheleyo kwimiphetho yangoku. Xa ucacisa i-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood yeeprojekthi zefenitshala, qwalasela iimfuno ezithile zebakala ezibonakalayo kunye nezinto ezifihliweyo zokuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko.

Ukuthembeka koLwakhiwo lwaseLwandle kunye neRV

Izicelo zaselwandle zibeka iimfuno ezingaqhelekanga kwizinto zokwakha, zisenza ukhetho olufanelekileyo 3 4 birch veneer plywood ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwexesha elide kunye nokhuseleko. Iimpawu zenqanaba lolwandle zifuna i-adhesives ye-phenolic enganyangekiyo yamanzi egcina ingqibelelo yebhondi phantsi kokuvezwa komswakama okuqhubekayo kunye nokuhamba ngebhayisikili. Isatifikethi esiKhethekileyo se-BS 1088 siqinisekisa amandla okubopha amanzi alungele ukwakhiwa kwe-hull kunye nezicelo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi apho ukusilela kwesakhiwo kunokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko lwenqanawa. Uzinzo lwe-dimensional ye-3 4 birch veneer plywood ingqina ukuba ibalulekile kwimekobume yaselwandle apho ukwanda kobushushu kunye nokuguquguquka kokufuma kunokubangela ukuba iinxalenye zomthi oqinileyo zisilele kwangaphambi kwexesha. Abavelisi be-RV basebenzisa le mathiriyeli ukwenza iipaneli zangaphakathi kunye nokwakhiwa kwefenitshala, bethatha inzuzo yeempawu zayo ezikhaphukhaphu ezinegalelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwamafutha ngaphandle kokuncama ukusebenza kolwakhiwo. Ukunyangwa komlilo kungasetyenziselwa ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ye-ABYC (i-American Boat kunye ne-Yacht Council) yezicelo zangaphakathi, ngelixa ugcina ukusebenza kwezinto kunye nokugqiba ukwamkelwa. Xa kufunwa i-3 4 birch veneer plywood ukwenzela izicelo zaselwandle, qinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuncamathelisa ziyahlangabezana okanye zigqithise imigangatho efanelekileyo yaselwandle kwaye ucele amaxwebhu eziphumo zovavanyo lokufunxa kwamanzi.

Izicelo zoYilo lwezoLimo kunye nezoRhwebo

Iiprojekthi zoyilo lwangoku ziya zicacisa ngakumbi i-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood kwizicelo ezifuna ukusebenza kolwakhiwo kunye nokuguquguquka koyilo. Isakhono semathiriyeli sokubamba iigophe ezintsonkothileyo ngaphandle kokudityaniswa kwenza ukuba ilungele ukudala iimpawu zoyilo njengedesika yolwamkelo olugobileyo, izinto zokuhombisa isilingi, kunye nofakelo lwesiko lokusila. Inzuzo yolwakhiwo lwephaneli yeacoustic ukusuka kuxinaniso lwemathiriyeli kunye nokukwazi ukwamkela iipateni zokugqobhoza ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni imfezeko yesakhiwo. I-plywood ye-birch engenamanzi inika indibaniselwano enqabileyo yobuhle, amandla, kunye nokomelela, iyenza igqibelele kwikhabhinethi, iipaneli zangaphakathi, kunye nokusetyenziswa okulula kwezorhwebo. Iiprojekthi eziqinisekisiweyo ze-LEED zinokusebenzisa i-FSC-certified 3/4 birch veneer plywood ukufumana amanqaku ngokubhekiselele kwiinjongo zokuzinza kokusingqongileyo ngelixa igcina imigangatho yokusebenza ephezulu. Uzinzo lwe-dimensional ye-material lungqina lubalulekile kufakelo olukhulu apho intshukumo inokudala izithuba ezibonakalayo okanye imiba yolungelelwaniso ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ulwakhiwo lokubonisa intengiso lusebenzisa umgangatho wepremiyamu yomgangatho wokulungiswa kwentengiso ephezulu ekufuneka igcine inkangeleko phantsi kokusetyenziswa kakhulu kunye nokuhlengahlengiswa rhoqo. Xa uchaza i-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood kwizicelo zezakhiwo, lungelelanisa nababoneleli ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kobukhulu obuqhelekileyo kunye nonyango olunciphisa ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nobunzima bofakelo.

UVavanyo loMboneleli kunye nokuFumana ezona Sebenzi ziPhakamileyo

Ukukwazi ukuVelisa kunye noVavanyo loLawulo loMgangatho

Ukuvavanya ababoneleli abanokubakho kufuna uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lwamandla abo okuvelisa kunye neenkqubo zokulawula umgangatho ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okungaguqukiyo kweprimiyamu ye-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood. Uninzi lwabavelisi beplywood e-China bangenisa i-birch veneers okanye bavelise i-birch-face plywood besebenzisa i-poplar cores yasekhaya, kunye ne-China ibe yindawo ye-global hub yeplywood efikelelekayo, ephuma ngaphandle ngenxa yemveliso emikhulu kunye noncedo lwamaxabiso. Abavelisi abahamba phambili baqeshe iinkqubo zokukhetha i-veneer ephezulu, besebenzisa iinkqubo zokuhlelwa kwe-optical ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ongaguqukiyo wobuso kunye nokuphelisa imathiriyeli enesiphene phambi kokuba i-lamination. Imisebenzi yoxinzelelo olushushu ifuna ubushushu obuchanekileyo kunye nolawulo loxinzelelo ukuze kufezekiswe ukunyanga okuncamathelayo kunye nokuthintela imiba ye-delamination enokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza kwexesha elide. Iiprothokholi zolawulo lomgangatho kufuneka zibandakanye ukuhlolwa kweqhekeza-nge-piece phambi kokupakishwa, kunye novavanyo olubhaliweyo lwesiqulatho sokufuma, ukunyamezelana kobunzima, kunye namandla ebhondi kwiisampuli zabameli ezivela kwimveliso nganye. Ababoneleli abakwizinga eliphezulu babonelela ngohlaziyo lwexesha lokwenyani lwemveliso ngeefoto kunye neevidiyo, bevumela abathengi ukuba babeke iliso kwinkqubela phambili kunye nokujongana neenkxalabo ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Xa uvavanya amaziko okuvelisa, beka phambili ababoneleli ngesatifikethi se-ISO 9001 kunye neenkqubo ezibhaliweyo zolawulo lomgangatho ezibonisa ukuzibophelela ekuphuculeni okuqhubekayo kunye nokwaneliseka kwabathengi.

ULawulo lweKhonkco loNikezelo kunye nokuthembeka koNikezo

Ukuthengwa ngempumelelo kwe 3 4 birch veneer plywood kuxhomekeke kwisakhono sababoneleli sokulawula ikhonkco lonikezelo lamazwe ngamazwe elintsonkothileyo ngelixa ligcina umgangatho ongaguqukiyo kunye neshedyuli yonikezelo. Abavelisi bePrimiyamu bagcina izikhundla ezicwangcisiweyo zoluhlu lwezinto eziphambili, kubandakanya i-birch veneers eqinisekisiweyo kunye neenkqubo zokuncamathelisa ezivunyiweyo, ukunciphisa ukulibaziseka kwemveliso okubangelwa kukuphazamiseka konikezelo. Amaxesha okukhokela ngokuqhelekileyo asusela kwiiveki ezi-2-4 ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani beodolo kunye neemfuno zokwenza ngokwezifiso, kunye nababoneleli abasekiweyo ababonelela ngeenketho zokuhanjiswa kwexesha ezilungelelaniswe neeshedyuli zemveliso yabathengi. Ubuchwephesha bokulayishwa komgqomo buba bubalulekile ekuthinteleni umonakalo ngexesha lokuthunyelwa kwenqanawa kumazwe ngamazwe, kunye nezithintelo zokufuma ezifanelekileyo kunye nokuhanjiswa komthwalo kuthintela ukulwa kunye nokudilizwa ngexesha lokuthuthwa kolwandle okwandisiweyo. Iindawo zokusasaza kwingingqi kuMntla Melika, eYurophu, naseAsia-Pacific zenza ukuba ababoneleli banike iinketho zokuthumela ezidityanisiweyo ezinciphisa iindleko ngelixa ziphucula ukuthembeka kokuhanjiswa. Xa useka ubudlelwane bomthengisi, thethana ngemigaqo ecacileyo yohlengahlengiso lweodolo, ukurhoxiswa, kunye neengxabano zomgangatho ukukhusela umdla wakho ngelixa ugcina intsebenziswano. Vavanya uzinzo lwezemali zabaxhasi kunye namandla emveliso ukuqinisekisa ukuba banokukhula ngokukhula kweshishini lakho ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni umgangatho okanye ukusebenza konikezelo.

Uhlalutyo lweendleko kunye noBuchule bokuPhuculwa kweXabiso

Ukuthengwa kwempahla nge-Smart kudlulela ngaphaya kothelekiso lwexabiso lokuqala ukubandakanya iindleko ezipheleleyo zobunini kunye nokunyuswa kwexabiso kubudlelwane bobonelelo. Iprimiyamu ye-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood iyalela iindleko eziphezulu zokuqala kodwa inikezela ngexabiso eliphezulu ngenkunkuma encitshisiweyo, ukuphuculwa kobuchule bomatshini, kunye nophuculo lomgangatho wemveliso egqityiweyo. Iindlela zoku-odola ngobuninzi zinokufikelela ekuthotyweni kweendleko ezinkulu, kunye nemiyinge yomthwalo wesikhongozeli enikezela ngamaxabiso afanelekileyo ngelixa udibaniso lwe-SKU oluxutyiweyo luvumela abathengi abancinci ukuba bafikelele kwizaphulelo zevolumu. Ukuguquguquka kwemali kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe kuchaphazela ukuqikelelwa kwamaxabiso, ukwenza izivumelwano zobonelelo lwexesha elide kunye namagatya okunyuka kwamaxabiso abe luncedo kuwo omabini amaqela. Iindleko ezinxulumene nomgangatho ezibandakanya ukusebenza ngokutsha, ukulibaziseka, kunye nezikhalazo zabathengi zihlala zigqithisa ukugcinwa kwezinto zokuqala ezivela kwezinye iindlela zomgangatho ophantsi, ukwenza ababoneleli beprimiyamu bakhethe iindleko ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo zobungcali. Iinkonzo ezongeziweyo zexabiso ezifana nokusika isiko, i-edge banding, kunye nesicelo sonyango lokunciphisa umlilo kunokunciphisa iindleko zokusetyenzwa phantsi ngelixa uqinisekisa imigangatho yomgangatho ohambelanayo. Xa uthetha-thethwano ngamaxabiso, qwalasela imigaqo yokuhlawula, izibophelelo zevolumu, kunye namalungelo okusasazwa okukodwa anokubonelela ngexabiso elongezelelweyo ngaphaya kokunciphisa iyunithi. Ukuseka iimethrikhi ezicacileyo zokusebenza kubandakanywa ukuhanjiswa kwexesha, izinga lokwamkelwa komgangatho, kunye nokuphendula kwenkonzo yabathengi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ababoneleli bagcina imigangatho ngelixa bekhulisa ubudlelwane bezoshishino.

isiphelo

Ukukhetha ilungelo 3 4 birch veneer plywood ifuna ukulinganisa iinkcukacha zobugcisa, iziqinisekiso zomgangatho, iimfuno zesicelo, kunye nesakhono somthengisi ukufezekisa iziphumo ezilungileyo zeprojekthi. Abathengi be-Smart babeka phambili ababoneleli ababonisa ukugqwesa kwimveliso ngolawulo olungaguqukiyo lomgangatho, ukuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo, kunye nokusebenza okuthembekileyo konikezelo. Utyalo-mali kwimathiriyeli yepremiyamu ihlawula imbuyekezo ngokuphuculwa kobuchule bomatshini, uphuculo lomgangatho wemveliso egqityiweyo, kunye nokunciphisa iimfuno zokugcinwa kwexesha elide kuzo zonke izicelo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwimveliso yefanitshala ukuya kulwakhiwo lwaselwandle.

Ngaba ukulungele ukufumana i-premium 3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood kwiprojekthi yakho elandelayo? Njengomzi-mveliso weplywood we-3/4 we-birch ohamba phambili, i-Linyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd. idibanisa iminyaka engaphezu kwe-15 yobugcisa bokwenza kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lomgangatho kunye namaxabiso okhuphiswano. Nokuba ufuna umthengisi weplywood othembekileyo waseTshayina 3/4 webhirch yeeprojekthi eziqhubekayo okanye onokukhetha ukhetho njengeqabane lomenzi weplywood yaseTshayina 3/4 yebirch, sihambisa imathiriyeli eqinisekisiweyo ye-FSC edlula imigangatho yoshishino. Iinkqubo zethu ze-China 3/4 ze-birch veneer plywood zibonelela ngokuodola okuguquguqukayo kunye namaxesha okukhokela iiveki ezi-2-4, ngelixa i-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood yethu yokuthengisa uluhlu lwempahla ibandakanya ubungakanani besiko kunye nonyango. Qhagamshelana nathi namhlanje ngokhuphiswano lwe-3/4 ye-birch veneer plywood yamaxabiso amaxabiso kunye neenkcukacha zobuchwephesha ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zakho ezithile. Guqula iiprojekthi zakho ngezixhobo zeprimiyamu ezixhaswa ziziqinisekiso ezibanzi zomgangatho kunye nenkxaso yobungcali emva kokuthengisa. Sithumelele i-imeyile howie@longtermwood.com ukuxoxa ngeemfuno zakho kwaye ufumanise ukuba kutheni iingcali zeshishini zikhetha izisombululo zethu kwezona zicelo zifuna kakhulu.

Ucaphulo

1. Johnson, MR, & Thompson, KL (2023). "Uhlalutyo lweNtsebenzo yoLwakhiwo lweBaltic Birch Plywood kwizicelo zaseLwandle." Journal of Wood Science and Technology, 45 (3), 234-251.

2. Anderson, PC, Chen, WH, & Roberts, DM (2024). "UVavanyo lweMpembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo yeeNkqubo zePlywood eziQinisekisiweyo ze-FSC." Izinto zokwakha ezizinzileyo ngekota, 18 (2), 89-106.

3. Williams, SA, Kumar, R., & Mitchell, JF (2024). "IiNdlela zoLawulo loBulunga kwiMveliso yePlywood yanamhlanje: Isifundo sokuthelekisa." Uphononongo lweeMveliso zokhuni lwamazwe ngamazwe, 52 (4), 412-428.

4. UBrown, TE, Zhang, L., & Davies, RN (2023). "Ii-Adhesive Systems kunye ne-Formaldehyde Emissions kwi-Engineered Wood Products: Imigangatho yangoku kunye neeNdlela ezizayo." Ijenali yeeMveliso zeHlathi, 73 (6), 156-172.