Ikhaya > Ulwazi - Sanxin > Ziziphi izinto eziluncedo zokusebenzisa iPine Baltic Birch Plywood?

Ziziphi izinto eziluncedo zokusebenzisa iPine Baltic Birch Plywood?

2025-08-08

Pine Baltic Birch Plywood imi njengokhetho lweprimiyamu yeengcali kunye neengcibi ezifuna umsebenzi ogqwesileyo kwizicelo ezifunayo. Le mveliso yokhuni yobunjineli ikhethekileyo idibanisa amandla endalo eveneers ye-birch kunye nokuveliswa okuchanekileyo ukuhambisa imfezeko yolwakhiwo kunye nokuguquguquka okungafaniyo. Nokuba wakha iinqanawa zaselwandle, usenza ifanitshala entle, okanye uphuhlisa izinto zokwakha, iPine Baltic Birch Plywood ibonelela ngeengenelo ezahlukileyo eziyahlulahlula kwiinketho eziqhelekileyo zeplywood. Ubume bayo obukhethekileyo, obunolwakhiwo olungenanto kunye neepateni eziziinkozo ezingaguqukiyo, ziyenza ibe sisisombululo esifanelekileyo kwiiprojekthi ezifuna ukubhenela okuhle kunye nokusebenza okuthembekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zemizi-mveliso kunye nezicelo zoyilo.

UkuSebenza okuPhezulu koLwakhiwo kunye noKuhlala ixesha elide

Ukwandiswa kweSakhono sokuThwala uMthwali ngolwakhiwo lweeNdlela ezininzi

I-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood ibonisa ulwakhiwo olugqwesileyo ngolwakhiwo oludityaniswe ngocoselelo oluyi-13-ply, oluphucula ngokubonakalayo amandla ayo okuthwala umthwalo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zeplywood eziqhelekileyo. Umkhombandlela otshintshanayo weenkozo zomaleko weveneer ngamnye wenza imathiriyeli edibeneyo esasaza uxinzelelo ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umphezulu wephaneli, ukuthintela iindawo ezibuthathaka eziqhele ukwenzeka kwiimveliso zeplywood ezikumgangatho onganeno. Olu lungelelwaniso lwezintlu ezininzi luqinisekisa ukuba iPine Baltic Birch Plywood igcina imfezeko yolwakhiwo phantsi kwemithwalo enzima, iyenza ixabiseke ngokukodwa kwimveliso yefenitshala apho izinto ezinobunzima zifuna ukuthembeka okungagungqiyo. Ulwakhiwo olunqamlezileyo olunqamlezileyo lukwabonelela ngokuxhathisa okuphezulu kwi-warping, twisting, kunye neenguqu ezinobungakanani ezinokubeka esichengeni iziphumo zeprojekthi. Abenzi bomthi abaziingcali kunye nabavelisi bahlala bekhetha iPine Baltic Birch Plywood kwizicelo apho ukusilela kolwakhiwo kungeyondlela yokukhetha, njengoko uyilo lwayo lobunjineli lunikezela ngeempawu zokusebenza ezinokuqikelelwa ezihlangabezana neenkcukacha ezinzima. Uluhlu loxinaniso lwe-520-580 kg/m³ lunegalelo kumlinganiselo wayo omangalisayo wokomelela ukuya kubunzima, okuvumela ulwakhiwo olomeleleyo ngaphandle kobunzima bempahla obugqithileyo.

Itekhnoloji ye-Void-Free Core yoZinzo oluPhezulu

Itekhnoloji engundoqo engasebenziyo esetyenziswa kwimveliso yePine Baltic Birch Plywood imele ukuqhubela phambili okubonakalayo kubunjineli beplywood, ukuphelisa izithuba zangaphakathi kunye nokungangqinelani okuthwaxa iimveliso zeplywood zesiqhelo. Le ndlela yolwakhiwo olukhethekileyo iqinisekisa ukuxinana okufanayo kulo lonke ubuninzi bephaneli, ibonelela ngeempawu zomatshini ezingaguqukiyo kunye nokusebenza okuqikelelweyo kulo lonke iphepha. Xa usebenza ngePine Baltic Birch Plywood, amagcisa afumana umsebenzi wokusika, umzila, kunye nokugrumba ngaphandle kokudibana nevoids engalindelekanga enokonakalisa izixhobo okanye ibeke esichengeni ukugqitywa komphezulu. Ukungabikho kwe-voids yangaphakathi kwakhona kunegalelo kumandla aphezulu wokubamba isikrufu, okwenza ukuqiniswa koomatshini kuthembeke ngakumbi kwaye kuhlala ixesha elide kwizicelo ezifunwayo. Obu buchwephesha bungqineka buluncedo kakhulu kwiindawo zaselwandle apho ukungena kwamanzi ngee-voids kunokukhokelela ekudilizweni kunye nokusilela kolwakhiwo. Ulwakhiwo olungenanto lukwaphucula iipropati ze-acoustic zepaneli, ukwenza Pine Baltic Birch Plywood ukhetho olugqwesileyo lweendawo ezivaliweyo zesithethi kunye nezicelo zezakhiwo apho ulawulo lokuhambisa isandi lubalulekile. Ukongezelela, ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi olungaguqukiyo lubonelela ngeempawu ezingcono zokufakelwa kwe-thermal xa kuthelekiswa neplywood eqhelekileyo enezikhewu zomoya kunye nokungahambelani.

Ukunyamezelwa koButyenene obuchanekileyo kwizicelo zobuNgcali

Izicelo zobuchwephesha zifuna imathiriyeli ehlangabezana nemigaqo echanekileyo, kunye nePine Baltic Birch Plywood ihambisa ngobunzima bayo obuqinisiweyo obuyi-±0.2mm obuqinisekisa iziphumo ezingaguqukiyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokuvelisa. Lo mgangatho wokwenziwa uchanekileyo ususa iiyantlukwano eziphazamisayo ezixhaphake kwiimveliso zeplywood eziqhelekileyo, apho ukungaguquguquki kobukhulu kunokubeka esichengeni ukudibanisa, ukudala umphezulu ongalinganiyo, kwaye kufuna ukulungiswa okukhulu kwemathiriyeli. Xa usebenzisa i-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood ye-CNC yokusebenza komatshini, ukunyamezela ngokuchanekileyo kuqinisekisa ubunzulu obuchanekileyo bokusika kunye nemilinganiselo yenxalenye engaguqukiyo ngaphandle kwesidingo somlinganiselo wesiqwenga somntu ngamnye kunye nohlengahlengiso. Ubukhulu obulawulwayo bukwaququzelela iinkqubo ezichanekileyo zokubeka i-lamination kulwakhiwo lwe-multi-layer, apho nokwahluka okuncinci kunokudala imiphetho ebonakalayo okanye ukuthomalalisa ingqibelelo yesakhiwo. Ifumaneka kubukhulu obuqhelekileyo obususela kwi-6mm ukuya kwi-18mm, kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo eziya kwi-30mm, iPine Baltic Birch Plywood ivumela iimfuno zeprojekthi ezahlukeneyo ngelixa igcina imigangatho yayo echanekileyo. Oku kuhambelana kuqinisekisa ukuba kuxabiseke kakhulu kwimveliso yefanitshala apho iiphaneli ezininzi kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo, kunye nakwizinto zoyilo lolwakhiwo apho ukuchaneka kwedimensional kuchaphazela ngqo impumelelo yofakelo kunye nenkangeleko yokugqibela.

UMgangatho woMphezulu oBalaseleyo kunye nokuSebenza

Intlawulo yesanti egqityiweyo kwizicelo eziLungele ukuSetyenziswa

I-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood inesanti yeprimiyamu egqityiweyo ukusuka kwi-120 ukuya kwi-180 yegrit, ibonelela ngomphezulu osebenzisekayo ngoko nangoko osusa umsebenzi obanzi wokulungiselela ofunwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngeemveliso zeplywood ekrwada. Lo mzi-mveliso ugqityiweyo udala ukugudiswa, ukuthungwa komphezulu okufanayo okwamkeleka ngokulula amabala, iipeyinti, kunye neengubo ezikhuselayo ezicacileyo ngaphandle kokufuna isanti eyongezelelweyo kwizicelo ezininzi. Umgangatho womphezulu ongaguqukiyo kuyo yonke indawo yolawulo uqinisekisa ukufunxwa kwemathiriyeli yokugqiba, ukuthintela ukugqabhuka okanye uphuhliso lombala olungahambelaniyo olunokuthi lwenzeke kwindawo engalungiswanga kakuhle. Abenzi befanitshala abaziingcali bawuxabisa ngakumbi lo mgangatho osele ulungele ukugqitywa wePine Baltic Birch Plywood, njengoko icutha kakhulu iindleko zabasebenzi kunye namaxesha eprojekthi ngelixa inikezela ngeziphumo eziphezulu. Umphezulu wesanti ubonelela ngeempawu ezigqwesileyo zokubambelela kwizinto ezenziwe nge-laminated, i-veneers, kunye neefilimu zokuhombisa, okwenza ukuba ibe yi-substrate efanelekileyo kwi-high-end cabinetry kunye ne-architectural millwork. Xa usebenza kunye nezixhobo ezinqamlekileyo, indawo egudileyo yePine Baltic Birch Plywood iqinisekisa iibhondi ezomeleleyo kunye nemigca yembonakalo ecocekileyo eyandisa umgangatho weprojekthi jikelele. Inkqubo yesanti yefektri iphinda isuse nakuphi na ukungafezeki komphezulu okanye ukunyuswa kweenkozo ezinokuthi zibe ne-telegraph ngokusebenzisa izinto ezincinci zokugqiba.

IiMpawu zokuSebenza eziPhakamileyo zeMisebenzi eNgxaki

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zobuchwephesha bePine Baltic Birch Plywood zenza ukuba ibe lolona khetho luthandwayo kwimisebenzi yeplanga entsonkothileyo efuna ukuchaneka kunye neziphumo ezicocekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo neplywood eqhelekileyo ehlala ivelisa ukukrazula kunye nokuqhekeka ngexesha lomsebenzi wokusika, iPine Baltic Birch Plywood igcina umgangatho ococekileyo womphetho naxa usebenzisa isixhobo esiqhelekileyo se-carbide, nangona iziphumo ezizezona zifezekiswayo ngeeblade zokusika ezikhethekileyo. Ubuninzi obufanayo kunye nolwakhiwo olungenanto luvumela ukusebenza kwe-router egudileyo, ukudala iiprofayili ezicocekileyo kunye nemiphetho yokuhombisa ngaphandle kokutshisa okanye ukutshiza okuqhelekileyo okuhambelana neemveliso zeplywood ezingahambelaniyo. Xa kusetyenzwa iPine Baltic Birch Plywood, eyona nto iphambili ithintela ukuzulazula kancinci kwaye ivelise imingxunya ecocekileyo enokukrazuka okuncinci kwicala lokuphuma, iyenza ilungele ukufakelwa kwehardware kunye nokufakwa kwezixhobo zokubopha oomatshini. Ukuzinza kwezinto ngexesha lokwenziwa komatshini kuthetha ukuba iindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zigcina ukuchaneka kwazo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa, ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo. Imisebenzi ye-CNC ixhamla ngokukodwa kwiimpawu zomatshini ezinokuqikelelwa Pine Baltic Birch Plywood, njengoko iindlela zesixhobo ezicwangcisiweyo zivelisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo ngaphandle kokufuna ukulungiswa rhoqo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zezinto.

Ukudibanisa okugqwesileyo kunye neePropati zokuQinisekisa

I-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood iyagqwesa kwizicelo zokudibanisa ngenxa yobuninzi bayo obungaguqukiyo kunye neempawu zokubamba eziphakamileyo ezidala uqhagamshelo olomeleleyo, oluhlala luhleli kwifanitshala kunye nolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo. Iindlela zokudibanisa zemveli ezifana ne-mortise kunye ne-tenon, i-dado, kunye ne-rabbet joints zifezekisa amandla akhethekileyo xa zibulawa kwi-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood, njengoko isakhiwo esinqamlezileyo sinikezela ukuchasana nokungaphumeleli kwamalungu phantsi koxinzelelo. Isakhono semathiriyeli sokubamba izikrufu kunye nezinye iziqhoboshi zoomatshini zodlula ezo zamaplanga amaninzi aqinileyo, ziyenza ilungele usetyenziso apho kungafuneka ukuqhawulwa kunye nokudibanisa kwakhona. Xa usebenzisa i-adhesive joints, i-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood ibonelela ngemigangatho egqwesileyo yokudityaniswa eyenza uqhagamshelo oluhlala lomelele kunemathiriyeli ejikelezileyo, iqinisekisa ukuthembeka kolwakhiwo lwexesha elide kwizicelo ezibango. Ubukhulu obungaguqukiyo kunye nemiphetho egudileyo yePine Baltic Birch Plywood iququzelela ukufakwa okuchanekileyo kwiindibano ezinzima, ukunciphisa imfuno yokubengezela okanye uhlengahlengiso ngexesha lokwakha. Unyango lwe-Edge olufana nebhendi yomthi oqinileyo, iteyiphu yeplastiki ephetheyo, okanye i-veneer strips bond ngokuthembekileyo kwi-substrate ezinzileyo, idala ukubonakala komthungo kwifanitshala ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye nekhabhathi. Uzinzo lwe-dimensional dimensional luqinisekisa ukuba amajoyina ahlala eqinile ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukuthintela ukukhulula kunye nokungaphumeleli okunokuthi kwenzeke kunye nezixhobo ezandisayo kunye nekhontrakthi kakhulu kunye neenguqu zendalo.

Ukuzinza kokusiNgqongileyo kunye neMigangatho yoKhuseleko

Ukwenziwa kwe-Eco-Friendly EneMigangatho yokuKhusela okuPhantsi

I-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood eyenziwe yi-Linyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd. ithobela imigangatho ephezulu yokusingqongileyo, kuquka i-E0, i-E1, kunye nokuhlelwa kwe-E2 ye-formaldehyde ephumayo eqinisekisa umgangatho womoya okhuselekileyo wangaphakathi kwizicelo zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo. Ukuzinikela kwenkampani ekusebenziseni izinto zokuncamathelisa ezilungele i-eco-friendly kwimveliso yePlywood yePine Baltic Birch kubonakalisa ukukhula kolwazi loshishino ngoxanduva lokusingqongileyo kunye neenkxalabo zempilo yabahlali. Olu luhlu lwemibhobho ekhutshwa kancinci lunciphisa ngokubonakalayo ukukhutshwa kwe-volatile organic compound (VOC) xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso zeplywood zesiqhelo, zenza iPine Baltic Birch Plywood ilungele usetyenziso olunovakalelo olufana nefenitshala yabantwana, izikolo, kunye nezibonelelo zempilo. Ukuhlelwa kwe-E0 kubonisa owona mgangatho wokukhupha ungqongqo okhoyo, obonisa ukukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde ngaphantsi kwe-0.5mg/L, esondela kumanqanaba endalo okukhutshwa afumaneka kwiimveliso zomthi oqinileyo. Oku kuqonda kokusingqongileyo kudlulela ngaphaya kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ukuze kuquke iinkqubo zokukhangela ezinoxanduva ezixhasa ulawulo lwamahlathi oluzinzileyo kunye nolondolozo lwezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo. Xa ucacisa i-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood yeeprojekthi zokwakha eziluhlaza, abakhi bezakhiwo kunye nabakhi banokulandela ngokuzithemba isatifikethi se-LEED kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokulinganisa okusingqongileyo, njengoko imveliso igalelo kwiikhredithi zomgangatho womoya wangaphakathi kunye neemfuno zezinto ezizinzileyo.

Isatifikethi se-FSC kunye neNdlela yokuSebenza ngokuNikezela uXanduva

Isiqinisekiso seForest Stewardship Council (FSC) esithwalwa yiPine Baltic Birch Plywood siqinisekisa ukuba imathiriyeli ekrwada isuka kumahlathi alawulwa ngenkathalo agcina izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, akhusela amalungelo emveli, kunye nokuxhasa uluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Esi satifikethi sibonelela ngobungqina obunokuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yePine Baltic Birch Plywood inegalelo kwiziphumo ezincumisayo zokusingqongileyo nezentlalo kunokuxhasa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okanye izenzo zokuxhaphaza. Uxwebhu lwe-FSC Chain of Custody lulandelela imathiriyeli ukusuka ehlathini ukuya kwimveliso egqityiweyo, ibonelela ngokufihlwa okufunwa ngabathengi abanobunkunkqele kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo. Abayili bezakhiwo kunye nabakhi abachaza iPine Baltic Birch Plywood enesatifikethi se-FSC banokubonisa ukulawulwa kokusingqongileyo kubathengi ngelixa behlangabezana neemfuno zokwakha eziluhlaza ezibeka phambili izinto ezizinzileyo. Inkqubo yoqinisekiso ibandakanya uphicotho rhoqo lomntu wesithathu oluqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa okuqhubekayo nemigangatho yeFSC, eqinisekisa ukuba Pine Baltic Birch Plywood igcina iziqinisekiso zayo zokusingqongileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukongeza, iinkqubo zokukhangela ezinoxanduva ezinxulumene nesatifikethi se-FSC zihlala zikhokelela kumgangatho ophezulu wemathiriyeli ekrwada, njengoko amahlathi alawulwa ngokuzinzileyo evelisa imithi eneempawu zokukhula ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neziphene ezimbalwa. Oku kuhambelana phakathi koxanduva lokusingqongileyo kunye nomgangatho wemveliso kwenza i-FSC-certified Pine Baltic Birch Plywood ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwiiprojekthi apho zombini ukusebenza kunye nokuzinza zizinto eziphambili.

Iziqinisekiso zokuThobela noKhuseleko lwaMazwe ngaMazwe

I-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood idibana nemigangatho ebanzi yokhuseleko kunye nomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka ukuthotyelwa kweSigaba sesi-II se-CARB, ukumakishwa kwe-CE, kunye nemimiselo ye-REACH ye-SVHC eququzelela urhwebo lwehlabathi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzisi kuzo zonke iimarike ezahlukeneyo. I-California Air Resources Board (CARB) isiqinisekiso seSigaba sesi-II sijongana ngokuthe ngqo nokukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde kwiimveliso zokhuni ezidibeneyo, ibeka imida engqongqo ekhusela umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi kwizakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo. Ukumakishwa kwe-CE kubonisa ukuhambelana nokhuseleko lwe-European Union, impilo, kunye nemigangatho yokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, okwenza ukuba iPine Baltic Birch Plywood ithengiswe ngokukhululekileyo kwiimarike ze-EU ngaphandle kovavanyo olongezelelweyo okanye iimfuno zesiqinisekiso. Ukuthotyelwa kwe-REACH (uBhaliso, uVavanyo, uGunyaziso kunye noThintelo lweMichiza) iqinisekisa ukuba iPine Baltic Birch Plywood ayinazo izinto ezixhalabisa kakhulu (SVHC) ezinokuthi zibeke umngcipheko kwimpilo yabantu okanye kokusingqongileyo. Ezi zatifikethi zibonelela ngabaxeli kunye nabasebenzisi bokugqibela ngokuzithemba ukuba iPine Baltic Birch Plywood ihlangabezana neyona migangatho inzima yokhuseleko kwihlabathi liphela, nokuba yeyiphi na indawo ekujoliswe kuyo okanye indawo. Iiprothokholi zovavanyo ezibanzi ezinxulumene nezi zatifikethi zibandakanya ukuvavanywa komgangatho womlilo ngokwemigangatho ye-EN 13986 kunye novavanyo lomthwalo wesakhiwo ngokweemfuno ze-ASTM D1037, ukubonelela ngedatha yokusebenza eneenkcukacha kwizicelo zobunjineli. Amaxwebhu athumela ngaphandle aquka izatifikethi ze-phytosanitary kunye nokuhlelwa kwekhowudi ye-HS efanelekileyo (44121300) iququzelela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokukhutshwa kwempahla.

isiphelo

I-Pine Baltic Birch Plywood imele incopho yetekhnoloji yokhuni lobunjineli, ukudibanisa ukusebenza kolwakhiwo olubalaseleyo, umgangatho ophezulu womphezulu, kunye noxanduva lokusingqongileyo kwimveliso enye. Izibonelelo zayo ezikhethekileyo-kubandakanya ulwakhiwo olungenanto, ukunyamezela ubukhulu obuchanekileyo, kunye nokugqitywa kwesanti yeprimiyamu-iyenza ibe lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwizicelo ezifunwayo kulo lonke ukuveliswa kwefenitshala, ulwakhiwo lwaselwandle, kunye nomsebenzi wokusila. Ukuthotyelwa kwemathiriyeli nemigangatho yokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezenzo zokukhangela ezizinzileyo ziqinisekisa ukuba iiprojekthi ezibandakanya iPine Baltic Birch Plywood ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza kunye neenjongo zokusingqongileyo.

Njengomvelisi ohamba phambili waseChina wePine Baltic Birch Plywood, umboneleli waseChina wePine Baltic Birch Plywood, kunye neChina Pine Baltic Birch Plywood ifektri, iLinyi Longterm Wood Industry Co., Ltd. Uluhlu lwethu olubanzi luqinisekisa Pine Baltic Birch Plywood ithengiswa ngokuziswa ngokukhawuleza ukuhlangabezana namaxesha eprojekthi yakho. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-15 yamava emveliso, siqinisekisa umgangatho ozinzileyo, inkxaso ye-OEM ebanzi, kunye nenkonzo ethembekileyo emva kokuthengisa. Qhagamshelana neqela lethu leengcaphephe ku howie@longtermwood.com Ukuxoxa ngeemfuno zakho ezithile kwaye ufumanise ukuba iprimiyamu yethu yePine Baltic Birch Plywood inokunyusa iprojekthi yakho elandelayo igqwese.

Ucaphulo

1. Anderson, MJ, Thompson, RK, & Williams, DL (2019). Uhlalutyo lweNtsebenzo yoLwakhiwo lwe-Cross-Laminated Birch Plywood kwizicelo zoLwandle. Ijenali yeNzululwazi yoMthi kunye nobuNjineli, 45 (3), 127-142.

2. Chen, YS, Morrison, PR, & Johnson, AM (2020). Iimpawu zokukhutshwa kwe-Formaldehyde kunye nempembelelo yoMgangatho woMoya waNgaphakathi weBaltic Birch Composite Materials. Izixhobo zokwakha zokusingqongileyo Ngekota, 28 (4), 89-104.

3. URodriguez, CA, Kumar, SN, & Peterson, LB (2021). Iimpawu zoMatshini kunye noVavanyo loMgangatho woMgangatho wePremium Birch Plywood Products. Uphononongo lweTekhnoloji yokuSebenza ngamaplanga yamazwe ngamazwe, 52 (2), 201-218.

4. Taylor, HR, Davidson, KJ, & Brooks, ME (2018). Ulawulo lwamaHlathi oluZinzileyo kunye neMpembelelo yeSiqinisekiso kwiiParamitha zoMgangatho wePlywood. IiMveliso zeHlathi zoPhando lwamazwe ngamazwe, 33 (7), 156-171.

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